Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes and Reaction Pathways | 烃：烷烃、烯烃与反应路径

📚 Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes and Reaction Pathways | 烃：烷烃、烯烃与反应路径

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. They form the foundation of organic chemistry and are central to fuels, polymers and industrial synthesis. In the Cambridge A-Level syllabus, the focus is on the structure, nomenclature, physical properties, combustion and characteristic reactions of alkanes and alkenes, including free-radical substitution and electrophilic addition mechanisms.

烃是仅含碳和氢的有机化合物。它们是有机化学的基础，对燃料、聚合物和工业合成至关重要。在剑桥 A-Level 考纲中，重点是烷烃和烯烃的结构、命名、物理性质、燃烧及特征反应，包括自由基取代和亲电加成机理。

1. Classification of Hydrocarbons | 烃的分类

Hydrocarbons are classified as aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons contain straight or branched chains and may be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only C-C single bonds, while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one C=C double bond.

烃可分为脂肪烃、脂环烃和芳香烃。脂肪烃含直链或支链，可以是饱和或不饱和的。饱和烃只含 C-C 单键，而不饱和烃至少含一个 C=C 双键。

Alkanes have the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ and alkenes with one double bond have the general formula CₙH₂ₙ. Cycloalkanes are alicyclic saturated hydrocarbons with the formula CₙH₂ₙ, which is the same as alkenes but with a ring structure.

烷烃通式为 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂，含一个双键的烯烃通式为 CₙH₂ₙ。环烷烃是脂环饱和烃，通式为 CₙH₂ₙ，与烯烃相同但具有环状结构。

2. Nomenclature and Isomerism | 命名与同分异构

Systematic IUPAC names are built from the longest continuous carbon chain. Prefixes such as meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent- and hex- indicate the number of carbon atoms. The suffix -ane is used for alkanes and -ene for alkenes, with a number to show the position of the double bond.

系统命名

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