International Conservation Organisations | 国际保护组织

📚 International Conservation Organisations | 国际保护组织

International conservation organisations coordinate efforts to protect biodiversity across political borders. They include intergovernmental bodies such as IUCN and CITES, as well as non-governmental organisations such as WWF. For A-Level Biology, you need to know what these organisations do, how they differ, and how their work can be evaluated using biological evidence.

国际保护组织协调各方力量，跨越政治边界保护生物多样性。它们包括 IUCN 和 CITES 等政府间机构，以及 WWF 等非政府组织。在 A-Level 生物课程中，你需要了解这些组织的作用、彼此之间的区别，以及如何运用生物学证据评价它们的工作。

1. Why international cooperation is needed | 为什么需要国际合作

Many endangered species migrate across national borders, and their habitats often form transboundary ecosystems such as river basins, mountain ranges and coral reef systems. A single country may pass strong wildlife laws, but if a neighbouring country allows hunting or habitat destruction, the population can still decline. International conservation organisations therefore coordinate action, share data and set common standards that individual governments cannot achieve alone.

许多濒危物种会跨越国界迁徙，其栖息地往往形成跨界生态系统，如流域、山脉和珊瑚礁系统。一个国家可以制定严格的野生动物法律，但如果邻国允许狩猎或破坏栖息地，种群仍然会下降。因此，国际保护组织协调行动、共享数据并制定单一国家政府无法单独实现的共同标准。

Global trade in wildlife products is another reason for cooperation. Ivory, tiger bone, rhino horn and rare timber are traded illegally across continents, so enforcement requires international treaties, customs cooperation and shared genetic databases to identify the origin of seized specimens.

野生动物产品的全球贸易是合作的另一个原因。象牙、虎骨、犀牛角和稀有木材在各大洲非法交易，因此执法需要国际条约、海关合作和共享遗传数据库，以确认被查获标本的来源。

2. IUCN and the IUCN Red List | 国际自然保护联盟与红色名录

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is a membership union of governments and non-governmental organisations. It is best known for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which classifies species according to their extinction risk using criteria such as population size, rate of decline and range area.

国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）是一个由政府和相关非政府组织组成的会员联盟。它最著名的是《IUCN 濒危物种红色名录》，该名录根据种群大小、下降速度和分布范围等标准对物种的灭绝风险进行分类。

The Red List is not a law but a scientific assessment. It informs governments and international agreements, helping them decide which species need in situ protection, captive breeding or trade restrictions.

红色名录不是法律，而是一项科学评估。它向政府和国际协定提供信息，帮助它们决定哪些物种需要就地保护、圈养繁殖或贸易限制。

3. CITES and regulation of trade | CITES 与贸易管制

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international treaty signed in 1973 and enforced from 1975. It controls cross-border trade in listed species through a permit system that reflects different levels of threat.

《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）是 1973 年签署、1975 年生效的国际条约。它通过反映不同受威胁程度的许可证制度，管制所列物种的跨境贸易。

Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction, such as the tiger and most rhinoceros species; commercial trade is banned except under exceptional permits. Appendix II includes species that are not necessarily threatened now but could become so without trade controls, such as many orchid species and the queen conch. Appendix III includes species protected in at least one country that has asked other CITES parties for assistance in controlling trade.

附录 I 包括受到灭绝威胁的物种，如虎和大多数犀牛物种；除特殊许可外，商业贸易被禁止。附录 II 包括目前不一定受威胁但若无贸易管制可能受威胁的物种，如许多兰花物种和女王凤凰螺。附录 III 包括至少在某个国家受保护的物种，该国请求其他 CITES 缔约方协助管制贸易。

4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) | 生物多样性公约

The Convention on Biological

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