Nitrogen and Sulfur | 氮与硫

📚 Nitrogen and Sulfur | 氮与硫

This article covers the reactions, industrial processes and environmental chemistry of two important non-metals, nitrogen and sulfur. You will meet the Haber and Contact processes, acid rain, fertilisers and key redox behaviour.

本文介绍氮和硫这两种重要非金属的反应、工业过程与环境化学。你将学习哈伯法、接触法、酸雨、肥料以及重要的氧化还原行为。

1. Position, Bonding and Occurrence | 元素位置、成键与存在

Nitrogen is in Group 15 and has the electron configuration 1s² 2s² 2p³, so it needs three more electrons to complete its outer shell. Sulfur is in Group 16 with the configuration 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴.

氮位于第15族，电子构型为 1s² 2s² 2p³，因此还需要三个电子才能填满最外层。硫位于第16族，电子构型为 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴。

Nitrogen occurs mainly as N₂ in the atmosphere, while sulfur is found in elemental deposits and in sulfide and sulfate ores.

氮主要以大气中的 N₂ 形式存在，而硫存在于天然硫矿以及硫化物和硫酸盐矿石中。

The N≡N triple bond has a bond enthalpy of about 994 kJ mol⁻¹, making N₂ very unreactive. Sulfur forms S₈ ring molecules in its common allotropes.

N≡N 三键的键焓约为 994 kJ mol⁻¹，使 N₂ 非常不活泼。硫的常见同素异形体由 S₈ 环状分子构成。

2. Unreactivity of Nitrogen and Its Uses | 氮的惰性及其用途

Because the N₂ molecule is non-polar and contains a very strong triple bond, nitrogen gas is inert under ordinary conditions.

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