📚 Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae and some bacteria use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It is one of the most important biological processes on Earth because it provides food and oxygen for nearly all living organisms.
光合作用是绿色植物、藻类和某些细菌利用光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。它是地球上最重要的生命过程之一，因为它为几乎所有生物提供食物和氧气。
1. The Word Equation | 文字方程式
Photosynthesis can be summarised using a word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. This shows the raw materials and the products of the reaction.
光合作用可以用文字方程式概括：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。这显示了反应的反应物和生成物。
2. The Chemical Equation | 化学方程式
The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
光合作用的平衡化学方程式为：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
This equation shows that six molecules of carbon dioxide combine with six molecules of water to produce one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen. The arrow represents the reaction, which needs light energy.
这个方程式表明，六个二氧化碳分子与六个水分子结合，生成一个葡萄糖分子和六个氧气分子。箭头表示该反应需要光能。
3. Where Does Photosynthesis Occur? | 光合作用在哪里发生？
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, which are organelles found mainly in the palisade mesophyll cells of leaves. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs light energy.
光合作用发生在叶绿体中，叶绿体是主要存在于叶片栅栏组织细胞中的细胞器。叶绿体含有叶绿素，这是一种吸收光能的绿色色素。
4. The Role of Light and Chlorophyll | 光和叶绿素的作用
Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy. This chemical energy is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, and to combine carbon dioxide with hydrogen to make glucose.
光能被叶绿素吸收并转化为化学能。这种化学能用于将水分子分解为氢和氧，并将二氧化碳与氢结合生成葡萄糖。
5. Leaf Adaptations for Photosynthesis | 叶片适应光合作用的结构
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Leaves are broad and thin, giving a large surface area for light absorption and short diffusion distances for gases.
叶片宽而薄，为吸收光能提供较大的表面积，并缩短气体扩散的距离。
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The upper epidermis is transparent to allow light to reach the palisade layer.
上表皮透明，使光能到达栅栏层。
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