Picture Graphs & Bar Graphs | 象形图与条形图

📚 Picture Graphs & Bar Graphs | 象形图与条形图

Hello, mathematicians! In this lesson, we will explore picture graphs and bar graphs. Graphs are a wonderful way to show information using pictures and bars. They help us compare numbers quickly and answer questions about the world around us. Let’s dive in and become graph detectives!

大家好，小小数学家们！在本课中，我们将探索象形图和条形图。图表是用图画和长条来展示信息的好方法。它们帮助我们快速比较数量，并回答关于周围世界的问题。让我们一起成为图表小侦探吧！

1. What Is a Graph? | 什么是图表？

A graph is a picture that shows data. Data is information we collect, such as the number of pets people own or the favourite ice-cream flavours of our classmates. We can organise data in tables and then draw graphs so that everyone can see the information clearly at a glance.

图表是一种展示数据的图画。数据是我们收集的信息，例如人们养宠物的数量，或者同班同学最喜欢的冰激凌口味。我们可以把数据整理成表格，再画出图表，这样每个人都能一目了然地看清信息。

There are many kinds of graphs. Today we will learn two graph types: picture graphs and bar graphs. Both use a scale to represent numbers. A scale tells us how many items each picture or bar stands for.

图表的种类很多。今天我们要学习两种图表：象形图和条形图。两者都使用刻度来表示数量。刻度告诉我们每个图形或长条代表多少数量。

2. Picture Graphs | 象形图

A picture graph uses symbols such as stars, faces, or fruit to show data. Each symbol can stand for one item or for several items. For example, if we draw one moon symbol for each book a student reads, then three moons mean three books.

象形图使用星星、笑脸或水果等符号来展示数据。每个符号可以代表一件物品，也可以代表多件物品。例如，如果我们用一个月亮符号表示学生读的一本书，那么三个月亮就表示三本书。

The key of a picture graph tells us how many items one symbol represents. Always check the key before you read a picture graph!

象形图的图例告诉我们一个符号代表多少数量。在读象形图之前，一定要先看图例！

3. Reading a Picture Graph | 读懂象形图

Look at this picture graph. It shows the favourite fruits of children in Class 2A. Each fruit symbol stands for one child.

请看这张象形图。它展示了2A班孩子们最喜欢的水果。每个水果符号代表一个孩子。

Fruit 水果	Number of Children 孩子人数
Apple 苹果	● ● ● ● ●
Banana 香蕉	● ● ●
Orange 橙子	● ● ● ●
Grape 葡萄	● ●

How many children chose apple? Count the symbols: five. So 5 children chose apple. How many chose banana? Three. Which fruit got the least votes? Grape, because it has only two symbols.

有多少孩子选择了苹果？数一数符号：五个。所以有5个孩子选择了苹果。选择香蕉的有多少呢？三个。哪一种水果得票最少？是葡萄，因为它只有两个符号。

We can also compare. Apples have 5 and oranges have 4, so apples are more popular than oranges by 1 vote. 5 − 4 = 1.

我们还可以比较。苹果有5票，橙子有4票，所以苹果比橙子多1票。5 − 4 = 1。

4. Making a Picture Graph | 制作象形图

Let us make our own picture graph. Suppose we asked eight friends, “What is your favourite colour?” Here are the answers: Red, Blue, Red, Green, Blue, Red, Blue, Red.

让我们自己来制作一张象形图吧。假设我们问了八个朋友：“你最喜欢的颜色是什么？”答案是：红色、蓝色、红色、绿色、蓝色、红色、蓝色、红色。

First, count how many votes each colour has. Red: 4, Blue: 3, Green: 1.

首先，数一数每种颜色有多少票。红色：4，蓝色：3，绿色：1。
Next, draw one star for each vote. Red gets 4 stars, Blue gets 3 stars, Green gets 1 star.

接着，每票画一颗星。红色画4颗星，蓝色画3颗星，绿色画1颗星。
Finally, give your graph a clear title such as “Our Favourite Colours” and write the key: one star = 1 child.

最后，给图表取一个清晰的标题，例如“我们最喜欢的颜色”，并写上图例：一颗星 = 1个孩子。

Remember to line up your symbols neatly in rows so that they are easy to count.

记得把符号整齐地排成一行一行，这样数起来才方便。

5. Bar Graphs | 条形图

A bar graph is another way to show data. Instead of symbols, we use bars of different heights. Each bar is drawn on a grid, and the grid helps us count exactly how many items the bar stands for.

条形图是展示数据的另一种方式。我们不是使用符号，而是使用不同高度的长条。每个长条画在网格上，网格帮助我们准确数出长条代表的数量。

Bar graphs have two axes. The side axis shows numbers, and the bottom axis shows categories. The height of each bar tells us how many are in that category.

条形图有两个轴。侧面的轴显示数量，底部的轴显示类别。每个长条的高度告诉我们该类别有多少数量。

6. Reading a Bar Graph | 读懂条形图

Look at the bar graph below. It shows how many books four students read in March.

请看下面的条形图。它展示了四位学生在三月份读了多少本书。

Student 学生	Books Read 读书数量
Liam 利亚姆	■ ■ ■ ■ (4)
Mia 米娅	■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ (6)
Noah 诺亚	■ ■ ■ (3)
Ava 艾娃	■ ■ ■ ■ ■ (5)

To read the value of Mia’s bar, count the squares: six. So Mia read 6 books. Liam’s bar has four squares, so Liam read 4 books. Noah’s bar stops at 3, so Noah read 3 books.

要读出米娅的长条数值，数一数小方格：六个。所以米娅读了6本书。利亚姆的长条有四个方格，所以利亚姆读了4本书。诺亚的长条停在3，所以诺亚读了3本书。

The grid makes counting easy. Each square always has the same value, usually one, but sometimes more. Check the scale before counting.

网格让数数变得容易。每个方格的价值总是相同，通常是一个，但有时会更多。在数数之前一定要先检查刻度。

7. Making a Bar Graph | 制作条形图

Let’s make a bar graph from data. Six children told us their favourite animal: Dog, Cat, Dog, Fish, Cat, Dog.

让我们用数据制作一张条形图。六个孩子告诉我们他们最喜欢的动物：狗、猫、狗、鱼、猫、狗。

First, count the tally. Dog: 3, Cat: 2, Fish: 1.

首先，数一数。狗：3，猫：2，鱼：1。
Next, draw the side axis with numbers from 0 up to 3. Write the animal names under the bottom axis.

接着，画侧轴，标上从0到3的数字。在底轴下方写上动物名称。
Then draw a bar above each animal name. Make the height match the number: Dog is 3 squares high, Cat is 2 squares high, Fish is 1 square high.

然后在每个动物名称上方画长条。让高度与数量相符：狗画3格高，猫画2格高，鱼画1格高。
Finally, colour the bars so they are easy to see, and write a title: “Our Favourite Animals”.

最后，给长条涂上颜色，这样容易看清，并写一个标题：“我们最喜欢的动物”。

Always leave a space between bars that are different categories.

在不同类别的长条之间要留出空隙。

8. Comparing Graphs | 比较图表

Picture graphs and bar graphs both show data, but each has a special use. Picture graphs are great for small numbers and fun symbols. Bar graphs are easier to use with large numbers because you can read the height.

象形图和条形图都能展示数据，但各有各的用途。象形图适合数量较小、符号有趣的情况。条形图更容易用于较大数量的情况，因为你可以直接读出高度。

When comparing two categories, both graphs let us ask “How many more?” or “How many fewer?” For example, in the fruit picture graph, apples (5) minus grapes (2) equals 3. So 3 more children chose apples than grapes.

比较两个类别时，两种图表都能让我们回答“多多少？”或“少多少？”。例如，在水果象形图中，苹果（5）减去葡萄（2）等于3。所以选择苹果的孩子比选择葡萄的孩子多3个。

In the bar graph, Liam read 4 books and Ava read 5 books. Ava read 1 more book than Liam: 5 − 4 = 1.

在条形图中，利亚姆读了4本书，艾娃读了5本书。艾娃比利亚姆多读了1本书：5 − 4 = 1。

9. Solving Problems with Graphs | 用图表解决问题

Graphs help us solve real problems. If a shopkeeper sees from a bar graph that 10 customers bought chocolate and 4 bought strawberry, he knows he needs more chocolate in the shop. We can add to find the total and subtract to find the difference.

图表帮助我们解决实际问题。如果一位店主从条形图中看到10位顾客买了巧克力味冰激凌，4位买了草莓味，他就知道店里需要多准备巧克力味。我们可以用加法求总数，用减法求差。

Example: The class graph shows that 8 pupils walk to school, 5 ride a bicycle, and 3 take a bus. How many more pupils walk than ride?

例子：班级图表显示，8名小学生走路去上学，5名骑自行车，3名坐公交车。走路比骑自行车多多少人？

8 − 5 = 3

Three more pupils walk than ride a bicycle. How many pupils travel by bicycle or bus?

走路比骑自行车的学生多3人。骑自行车或坐公交车有多少人？

5 + 3 = 8

Eight pupils ride a bicycle or take a bus. Graphs make these number stories easy to see.

有8名学生骑自行车或坐公交车。图表让这些数字问题变得一目了然。

10. Practice Time | 练习时间

Try these questions yourself. Use a picture graph about ice cream flavours: vanilla 6, chocolate 4, mint 2.

请自己尝试这些问题。使用一张关于冰激凌口味的象形图：香草味6个，巧克力味4个，薄荷味2个。

Question 1: Which flavour has the most votes?

问题1：哪种口味的票数最多？
Question 2: How many more vanilla than mint?

问题2：香草味比薄荷味多多少？
Question 3: How many children voted in total?

问题3：总共有多少个孩子投票？
Question 4: If one scoop symbol stands for 3 children, how many children chose chocolate?

问题4：如果一个雪糕球符号代表3个孩子，那么选择巧克力味的有多少个孩子？

Answers: 1. Vanilla 香草味. 2. 6 − 2 = 4. 3. 6 + 4 + 2 = 12. 4. 4 × 3 = 12.

答案：1. 香草味。2. 6 − 2 = 4。3. 6 + 4 + 2 = 12。4. 4 × 3 = 12。

11. Summary | 总结

Great work! Today we learned that picture graphs use symbols and bar graphs use bars to show data. Always check the key, read the numbers carefully, and use addition and subtraction to answer questions about the graph.

太棒了！今天我们学习到，象形图用符号、条形图用长条来展示数据。一定要先看图例，仔细读出数量，并用加法和减法来回答关于图表的问题。

Remember the steps: look at the key, count the symbols or squares, compare the bars, and explain what the data tells you. With practice, you will become a true graph master!

记住这些步骤：先看图例，数出符号或方格，比较长条，再解释数据告诉你的信息。多加练习，你一定会成为真正的图表小高手！

Published by TutorHao | Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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Picture Graphs & Bar Graphs | 象形图与条形图