Stakeholders in a Business | 企业中的利益相关者

📚 Stakeholders in a Business | 企业中的利益相关者

In A-Level Business, stakeholders are central to understanding how firms make decisions and manage trade-offs. This article explains who the key stakeholders are, what they want, and how businesses can respond to competing pressures.

在A-Level商务中，利益相关者是理解企业如何做出决策和管理权衡的核心。本文解释主要利益相关者是谁、他们想要什么，以及企业如何应对相互冲突的压力。

---

1. Defining Stakeholders | 利益相关者的定义

A stakeholder is any individual, group or organisation that has an interest in, or is affected by, the activities and decisions of a business. This includes both parties inside the firm, such as employees and managers, and outside parties, such as customers, suppliers and the local community.

利益相关者是指与企业活动及决策有利益关系，或受其影响的任何个人、团体或组织。这包括企业内部各方，如员工和管理者，也包括外部各方，如顾客、供应商和当地社区。

The stakeholder concept is wider than the shareholder view. Shareholders own part of the company and focus mainly on financial returns, whereas stakeholders can have social, environmental, ethical and operational interests.

利益相关者概念比股东观点更广泛。股东拥有公司的一部分，主要关注财务回报；而利益相关者可能具有社会、环境、伦理和经营等方面的利益。

---

2. Internal and External Stakeholders | 内部与外部利益相关者

Internal stakeholders operate inside the organisation. They include owners, shareholders, managers and employees. Their interests are closely tied to the day-to-day running and long-term survival of the business.

内部利益相关者在组织内部运作。他们包括所有者、股东、管理者和员工。他们的利益与企业的日常运营和长期生存密切相关。

External stakeholders are outside the organisation but still affected by its actions. Common examples are customers, suppliers, creditors, government agencies, pressure groups and the local community. Their influence can be direct, such as a supplier changing credit terms, or indirect, such as a community campaign affecting a firm’s reputation.

外部利益相关者在组织外部，但仍受企业行为影响。常见例子包括顾客、供应商、债权人、政府机构、压力团体和当地社区。他们的影响可以是直接的，例如供应商改变信用条款；也可以是间接的，例如社区运动影响企业声誉。

---

3. Shareholders and Owners | 股东与所有者

Shareholders invest capital in a company and expect a return. Their primary objectives are rising profits, regular dividends and an increase in share price. In a public limited company, shareholders elect the board of directors and can vote on major decisions.

股东向公司投入资本并期望获得回报。他们的主要目标是利润增长、定期分红和股价上涨。在公众有限公司中，股东选举董事会，并可对重大决策进行投票。

Owners of smaller businesses often combine ownership with management. They may prioritise independence, long-term wealth creation or passing the business to family members, rather than short-term profit maximisation only.

小企业的所有者通常兼有所有权和管理权。他们可能优先考虑独立性、长期财富创造或将企业传给家庭成员，而不仅仅追求短期利润最大化。

---

4. Employees | 员工

Employees are internal stakeholders whose effort and skills directly affect productivity and customer service. Their typical objectives include job security, fair wages, safe working conditions, training opportunities and career progression.

员工是内部利益相关者，他们的努力和技能直接影响生产率和客户服务。他们的典型目标包括工作保障、公平工资、安全的工作条件、培训机会和职业发展。

Conflict can arise when management tries to reduce labour costs. For example, cutting staff hours or limiting pay rises may improve short-term profit but damage employee motivation, increase labour turnover and lower service quality.

当管理层试图降低劳动力成本时，可能产生冲突。例如，削减员工工时或限制加薪可能提高短期利润，但会损害员工积极性、增加员工流失率并降低服务质量。

---

5. Customers | 顾客

Customers are often described as the most important external stakeholders because they generate revenue. They want value for money, reliable quality, good customer service and ethical business practices. In competitive markets, customers can switch suppliers easily, so their bargaining power is high.

顾客通常被称为最重要的外部利益相关者，因为他们创造收入。他们追求物有所值、可靠的质量、良好的客户服务和合乎道德的商业行为。在竞争激烈的市场中，顾客可以轻易更换供应商，因此他们的议价能力较强。

Customer satisfaction drives repeat purchases, brand loyalty and word-of-mouth promotion. Dissatisfied customers may complain, demand refunds or post negative reviews, all of which can raise costs and damage a firm’s reputation.

顾客满意度推动重复购买、品牌忠诚度和口碑推广。不满意的顾客可能会投诉、要求退款或发布负面评价，这些都会增加成本并损害企业声誉。

---

6. Suppliers and Creditors | 供应商与债权人

Suppliers provide raw materials, components and services. Their objectives are prompt payment, long-term contracts and clear communication about future orders. A reliable supplier relationship reduces the risk of production delays and quality problems.

供应商提供原材料、零部件和服务。他们的目标是及时付款、长期合同以及关于未来订单的清晰沟通。可靠的供应商关系可以降低生产延迟和质量问题的风险。

Creditors, such as banks and bondholders, lend money to the business. They want interest payments on time and low default risk. If a firm has high levels of debt or poor cash flow, creditors may increase interest rates, refuse further lending or impose restrictive covenants.

债权人，如银行和债券持有人，向企业提供贷款。他们希望按时收到利息，并面临较低的违约风险。如果企业债务水平高或现金流不佳，债权人可能会提高利率、拒绝进一步贷款或施加限制性条款。

---

7. Government and Regulators | 政府与监管机构

The government is an external stakeholder because it collects tax revenue, enforces laws and promotes economic stability. Regulators oversee areas such as competition, consumer protection, employment rights and environmental standards.

政府是外部利益相关者，因为它征收税收、执行法律并促进经济稳定。监管机构监督竞争、消费者保护、就业权利和环境标准等领域。

Businesses must comply with legislation or face fines, legal action and reputational damage. At the same time, governments may use subsidies, tax breaks and infrastructure spending to encourage investment and job creation.

企业必须遵守法规，否则将面临罚款、法律诉讼和声誉损害。与此同时，政府可能利用补贴、税收减免和基础设施支出来鼓励投资和创造就业。

---

8. Local Community and Pressure Groups | 当地社区与压力团体

The local community is affected by a firm’s operations through employment, traffic, pollution and use of local resources. Community objectives often include new jobs, minimal environmental damage and social investment such as sponsoring schools or sports clubs.

当地社区通过就业、交通、污染和当地资源的使用而受到企业运营的影响。社区的目标通常包括新增就业、最小的环境损害，以及诸如赞助学校或体育俱乐部等社会投资。

Pressure groups, such as environmental or human rights organisations, attempt to influence business behaviour through campaigns, boycotts and media attention. Their power depends on public support and the firm’s vulnerability to reputational risk.

压力团体，如环境或人权组织，试图通过运动、抵制和媒体关注来影响企业行为。他们的权力取决于公众支持以及企业对声誉风险的敏感程度。

---

9. Stakeholder Objectives and Conflict | 利益相关者目标与冲突

Stakeholders rarely share identical objectives, so conflict is common. For example, shareholders may want higher profits by cutting costs, while employees want higher wages and better conditions. Customers want lower prices, but suppliers want higher prices for their goods.

利益相关者很少拥有完全相同的目标，因此冲突很常见。例如，股东可能希望通过削减成本提高利润，而员工希望获得更高的工资和更好的条件。顾客希望价格更低，而供应商希望其商品价格更高。

A major expansion may create local jobs and government tax revenue, but it could also increase pollution and noise for the community. Businesses must therefore assess trade-offs and decide whose interests to prioritise in each decision.

一项重大扩张可能为当地创造就业和政府税收，但也可能增加社区的污染和噪音。因此，企业必须评估权衡，并在每项决策中决定优先考虑谁的利益。

---

10. Stakeholder Mapping: Mendelow’s Matrix | 利益相关者映射：门德洛矩阵

Mendelow’s matrix classifies stakeholders according to their level of power and their level of interest in a particular issue. This helps managers decide how much attention to give each group.

门德洛矩阵根据利益相关者在特定事项中的权力大小和利益大小对其进行分类。这有助于管理者决定对每个群体给予多少关注。

	Low Interest	High Interest
High Power	Keep Satisfied	Key Players
Low Power	Minimal Effort	Keep Informed

High-power, high-interest stakeholders are “key players” and require close management. High-power, low-interest groups should be kept satisfied, while low-power, high-interest groups should be kept informed. Low-power, low-interest groups require minimal effort but should still be monitored.

高权力、高利益的利益相关者是 “关键参与者”，需要密切管理。高权力、低利益的群体应保持满意；低权力、高利益的群体应保持知情。低权力、低利益的群体需要最少努力，但仍应受到监控。

---

11. Managing Stakeholder Relationships | 管理利益相关者关系

Effective stakeholder management involves identifying key groups, understanding their expectations and communicating clearly. Methods include regular meetings, surveys, public consultations, annual reports and social media updates.

有效的利益相关者管理包括识别关键群体、了解他们的期望并进行清晰沟通。方法包括定期会议、问卷调查、公众咨询、年度报告和社交媒体更新。

Businesses that engage stakeholders early can reduce resistance to change, improve decision-making and build long-term trust. Ignoring stakeholder concerns may lead to strikes, boycotts, legal challenges or loss of investment.

尽早让利益相关者参与的企业可以减少变革阻力、改善决策并建立长期信任。忽视利益相关者的关切可能导致罢工、抵制、法律挑战或投资损失。

---

12. Stakeholder vs Shareholder Concept | 利益相关者与股东概念

The shareholder concept, associated with economists such as Milton Friedman, argues that a firm’s primary responsibility is to maximise shareholder wealth, within the law. Social objectives are seen as secondary or even a misuse of corporate resources.

股东概念与米尔顿·弗里德曼等经济学家相关，主张企业的首要责任是在法律范围内最大化股东财富。社会目标被视为次要的，甚至是对公司资源的滥用。

The stakeholder concept, promoted by R. Edward Freeman, argues that businesses should create value for all stakeholders, not just shareholders. This approach recognises that employees, customers, suppliers and communities all contribute to long-term success.

利益

Published by TutorHao | A-Level 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）