📚 Stakeholders in a Business | 商业中的利益相关者
In Cambridge A-Level Business, a stakeholder is any individual or group that has a direct interest in the activities and performance of a business. Stakeholders can influence decision-making, and their expectations often conflict. A business that understands stakeholder interests is better able to manage risk, build trust and achieve long-term objectives.
在剑桥 A-Level 商务中，利益相关者是指与企业活动及业绩有直接利害关系的任何个人或群体。利益相关者能够影响企业决策，而他们的期望常常相互冲突。理解利益相关者利益的企业能够更好地管理风险、建立信任并实现长期目标。
1. Defining Stakeholders | 利益相关者的定义
A stakeholder is any person, group or organisation that can affect or be affected by a business. This definition is broader than that of a shareholder. Shareholders own part of the company, but stakeholders include employees, customers, suppliers, lenders, government, local communities and pressure groups.
利益相关者是指能够影响企业或受企业影响的任何个人、群体或组织。这一定义比股东更广泛。股东拥有公司的一部分，但利益相关者包括员工、顾客、供应商、贷款人、政府、当地社区和压力团体。
A stakeholder can be internal or external. Internal stakeholders work within the business and have direct control over resources. External stakeholders operate outside the business but can still influence its reputation, costs and revenue through pressure, regulation or market choices.
利益相关者可以是内部的或外部的。内部利益相关者在企业内部工作，对资源有直接控制权。外部利益相关者在企业外部运作，但仍可通过施压、监管或市场选择影响企业的声誉、成本和收入。
2. Internal and External Stakeholders | 内部与外部利益相关者
Internal stakeholders include owners, shareholders, managers and employees. Owners and shareholders provide capital and expect a return on investment. Managers want authority, job security and performance rewards. Employees seek fair pay, safe working conditions, job security and opportunities for development.
内部利益相关者包括所有者、股东、管理者和员工。所有者和股东提供资本并期望获得投资回报。管理者希望拥有权力、工作保障和绩效奖励。员工追求公平薪酬、安全的工作条件、工作保障和发展机会。
External stakeholders include customers, suppliers, creditors, government, competitors, local communities and pressure groups. Customers want quality products at fair prices. Suppliers want reliable orders and prompt payment. Government wants tax compliance and legal behaviour. Communities want employment and minimal negative externalities.
外部利益相关者包括顾客、供应商、债权人、政府、竞争者、当地社区和压力团体。顾客希望以公平价格获得优质产品。供应商希望订单稳定和及时付款。政府希望企业依法纳税和守法经营。社区希望就业并尽量减少负外部性。
3. Key Stakeholder Objectives | 主要利益相关者目标
Each stakeholder group has distinct objectives. Shareholders typically prioritise high dividends, rising share prices and long-term profitability. Employees prioritise wages, job security, working conditions and career progression. Customers prioritise product quality, value for money and reliable service.
每个利益相关者群体都有不同目标。股东通常优先考虑高股息、股价上涨和长期盈利能力。员工优先考虑工资、工作保障、工作条件和职业发展。顾客优先考虑产品质量、性价比和可靠的服务。
Suppliers want repeat business and payment on time. Lenders want interest payments and repayment of principal. Government wants tax revenue, employment and compliance with laws. Local communities want environmental protection, infrastructure and corporate citizenship. Pressure groups want ethical sourcing, reduced pollution or improved labour standards.
供应商希望获得重复订单和及时付款。贷款人希望获得利息和本金偿还。政府希望获得税收、就业和守法经营。当地社区希望环境保护、基础设施和企业公民责任。压力团体希望道德采购、减少污染或提高劳工标准。
4. Causes of Stakeholder Conflict | 利益相关者冲突的成因
Conflict arises because stakeholder objectives often pull in opposite directions. For example, employees may demand higher wages, but higher wages reduce profits available to shareholders and may force price rises for customers. A business cannot satisfy all stakeholders equally at the same time.
冲突的产生是因为利益相关者的目标常常方向相反。例如，员工可能要求更高的工资，但更高的工资会减少可供股东分配的利润，并可能迫使对顾客提价。企业不可能同时平等地满足所有利益相关者。
A typical conflict occurs between owners and the local community. A factory expansion may create jobs and profits for owners, but increase noise, traffic and pollution for residents. Managers must assess which interests to prioritise and how to communicate trade-offs to affected groups.
一个典型的冲突发生在所有者与当地社区之间。工厂扩建可能为所有者创造就业和利润，但会增加居民的噪音、交通和污染。管理者必须评估优先考虑哪些利益，以及如何向受影响的群体沟通权衡。
5. Shareholder Concept vs Stakeholder Concept | 股东概念与利益相关者概念
The shareholder concept argues that the primary duty of directors is to maximise shareholder wealth. In this view, other groups are important mainly because they help the company generate profit. This approach is common in Anglo-American corporate governance and focuses on short-term financial returns.
股东概念认为，董事的主要职责是实现股东财富最大化。在这种观点下，其他群体的重要性主要在于它们帮助企业创造利润。这种方法在英美公司治理中较为常见，并侧重于短期财务回报。
The stakeholder concept argues that a business should balance the needs of all groups that have a legitimate claim on the organisation. This supports long-term sustainability, reputation and risk management, even if it reduces short-term profit in some cases. Many modern companies adopt a stakeholder-inclusive approach.
利益相关者概念认为，企业应平衡所有对组织有正当要求的群体的需求。这有助于长期可持续性、声誉和风险管理，即使在某些情况下会减少短期利润。许多现代企业采用包容利益相关者的方法。
6. Mendelow’s Power-Interest Matrix | 门德洛权力-利益矩阵
Mendelow’s power-interest grid classifies stakeholders by their level of power and level of interest in a decision. Four categories emerge: key players with high power and high interest, keep satisfied groups with high power and low interest, keep informed groups with low power and high interest, and minimal effort groups with low power and low interest.
门德洛的权力-利益矩阵根据利益相关者的权力水平和对决策的兴趣水平进行分类。由此产生四个类别：高权力高兴趣的关键参与者，高权力低兴趣的保持满意群体，低权力高兴趣的保持知情群体，以及低权力低兴趣的最小努力群体。
This tool helps managers decide how to communicate with each group. Key players require deep involvement in decisions. Keep satisfied groups need enough attention to prevent them from using power. Keep informed groups need regular updates. Minimal effort groups need only basic monitoring.
该工具帮助管理者决定如何与每个群体沟通。关键参与者需要深度参与决策。保持满意群体需要足够关注，以防止其动用权力。保持知情群体需要定期更新信息。最小努力群体只需基本监测。
7. Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Duties | 企业社会责任与利益相关者责任
Modern businesses are expected to consider corporate social responsibility (CSR). This means going beyond legal minimums to address environmental, social and ethical concerns. Acting responsibly towards stakeholders can enhance brand image, attract quality employees and reduce risks such as consumer boycotts or legal penalties.
现代企业被期望考虑企业社会责任（CSR）。这意味着超越法律最低要求，处理环境、社会和道德问题。对利益相关者负责可以提升品牌形象、吸引优秀员工并减少消费者抵制或法律处罚等风险。
However, CSR initiatives involve costs, and there is debate about whether these costs are justified. Some argue that businesses should focus on profit and let market forces reward responsible behaviour. Others argue that businesses have a moral duty to society because their operations create social and environmental impacts.
然而，企业社会责任行动涉及成本，关于这些成本是否合理存在争议。一些人认为企业应专注利润，让市场力量奖励负责任的行为。另一些人认为企业对社会负有道德责任，因为其经营活动会产生社会和环境影响。
8. How Stakeholders Influence Business Decisions | 利益相关者如何影响商业决策
Stakeholder influence can be direct or indirect. Direct influence includes shareholder votes, employee strikes, customer complaints, supplier contract changes and government regulations. Indirect influence includes media coverage, online reviews and pressure group campaigns that damage reputation and reduce sales.
利益相关者的影响可以是直接的或间接的。直接影响包括股东投票、员工罢工、顾客投诉、供应商合同变更和政府监管。间接影响包括媒体报道、在线评论和压力团体运动，这些会损害声誉并减少销售。
Businesses must monitor stakeholder expectations and adjust strategy. For example, if customers increasingly demand sustainable packaging, a business may switch suppliers even if costs rise, because the long-term demand risk outweighs the short-term cost increase.
企业必须监测利益相关者的期望并调整战略。例如，如果顾客越来越多地要求可持续包装，企业可能更换供应商，即使成本上升，因为长期需求风险大于短期成本增加。
9. Stakeholder Importance in Different Business Contexts | 不同企业情境下利益相关者的重要性
Stakeholder importance is not fixed; it changes with the type of business, the decision being made and the time horizon. In a start-up, the founder may be the key player. In a large listed company, institutional shareholders and regulators often hold high power. During a crisis, media and community groups can suddenly gain high interest and power.
利益相关者的重要性不是固定的，它会随着企业类型、具体决策和时间范围而变化。在初创企业中，创始人可能是关键参与者。在大型上市公司中，机构股东和监管机构往往拥有较高权力。在危机期间，媒体和社区团体可能突然获得高兴趣和高权力。
Evaluation requires considering both the legitimacy of a claim and the power to affect the business. A stakeholder with a legitimate but low-power claim may need to be informed, while a high-power group with little day-to-day interest still needs to be kept satisfied.
评估需要同时考虑诉求的正当性和影响企业的权力。一个诉求正当但权力较低的群体可能需要被知情，而一个权力较高但日常兴趣较低的群体仍需保持满意。
10. Strategies for Managing Stakeholder Conflict | 管理利益相关者冲突的策略
Common strategies for managing conflict include communication, consultation, compromise, incentive alignment and education. For example, a business may offer employees a profit-sharing scheme so that their interest in higher wages becomes aligned with shareholders’ interest in higher profits.
管理冲突的常见策略包括沟通、协商、妥协、激励一致和教育。例如，企业可以提供员工利润分享计划，使员工对更高工资的关注与股东对更高利润的关注保持一致。
Where conflicts cannot be resolved, businesses may need to prioritise. The choice of which stakeholder to favour involves value judgements. A short-term decision to favour shareholders may damage employee motivation and long-term productivity, while favouring employees excessively may reduce competitiveness.
当冲突无法解决时，企业可能需要确定优先次序。选择优先考虑哪个利益相关者涉及价值判断。短期偏向股东的决定可能损害员工积极性和长期生产率，而过度偏向员工则可能降低竞争力。
11. Exam-Style Application: Multinational Factory Closure | 考试风格应用：跨国公司工厂关闭
Consider a multinational clothing company planning to close an unprofitable factory. Shareholders may support closure to cut losses. Employees and the local community oppose it because of job losses. The government may worry about unemployment and lost tax revenue. Customers may react negatively if the closure is seen as unethical.
考虑一家跨国服装公司计划关闭一家亏损工厂。股东可能支持关闭以减少损失。员工和当地社区因失业而反对。政府可能担心失业和税收减少。如果关闭被视为不道德，顾客可能作出负面反应。
A balanced response might involve phased closure, retraining programmes, and consultation with unions and local authorities. This shows how
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