📚 Trade Unions | 工会
Trade unions are organisations of workers that exist to protect and advance the interests of their members. They negotiate with employers over wages, working hours, job security, and workplace safety. For IGCSE economics, understanding trade unions is essential because they are a major influence on the operation of the labour market.
工会是由工人组成的组织，旨在保护和增进会员的利益。工会与雇主就工资、工作时间、工作保障和工作场所安全进行谈判。对于 IGCSE 经济学而言，理解工会至关重要，因为工会是影响劳动力市场运行的重要因素。
1. What Is a Trade Union? | 什么是工会？
A trade union is a formal association of workers that represents them in dealings with employers. Workers join voluntarily and pay a subscription, usually deducted from their wages. The union uses its collective strength to bargain for better terms and conditions than an individual worker could obtain alone.
工会是工人的正式协会，代表工人与雇主打交道。工人自愿加入并缴纳会费，通常从工资中扣除。工会利用其集体力量进行谈判，争取比单个工人独自所能获得的更有利的雇佣条款和条件。
Unions exist in both the public and private sectors. In many countries their rights are protected by law, and employers are obliged to recognise and consult a union if a sufficient proportion of workers are members. This legal recognition gives unions a stable platform from which to negotiate.
工会存在于公共部门和私营部门。在许多国家，工会的权利受法律保护，如果有足够比例的工人加入工会，雇主有义务承认并与之协商。这种法律承认给予工会一个稳定的谈判平台。
2. Objectives of Trade Unions | 工会的目标
Although specific objectives vary from union to union, most unions pursue a common set of goals. These objectives reflect the needs of their members and the wider economic environment.
尽管不同工会的具体目标各不相同，但大多数工会都追求一系列共同的目标。这些目标反映了会员的需要以及更广泛的经济环境。
- Higher wages and salaries: to improve their members’ standard of living.
- Better conditions of work: such as shorter hours, safer premises, and fair workloads.
- Job security: to protect members from unfair dismissal and arbitrary redundancy.
- Equal treatment: to prevent discrimination in pay and promotion.
- Social and legal support: to provide advice, insurance, and representation in disputes.
- 更高的工资和薪金：提高会员的生活水平。
- 更好的工作条件：例如缩短工作时间、更安全的场所和合理的工作量。
- 工作保障：保护会员免受不公平解雇和随意裁员。
- 平等待遇：防止在薪酬和晋升方面的歧视。
- 社会和法律支持：提供咨询、保险和纠纷代理服务。
3. Types of Trade Unions | 工会的类型
Trade unions can be classified according to the workers they represent. Each type has a different structure and bargaining approach.
工会可以根据其所代表的工人类型进行分类。每种类型都有不同的结构和谈判方式。
- Craft unions represent workers who share a particular skill, such as electricians or plumbers.
- Industrial unions represent all workers in one industry, whatever their occupation, such as rail or mining.
- General unions accept members from many different industries and occupations.
- White-collar unions represent professional, clerical, and managerial staff, such as teachers and nurses.
- 行业工会（craft unions）代表拥有特定技能的工人，如电工或水管工。
- 产业工会（industrial unions）代表某一行业的所有工人，无论其职业是什么，如铁路或采矿。
- 一般工会（general unions）接纳来自许多不同行业和职业的会员。
- 白领工会（white-collar unions）代表专业、文员和管理人员，如教师和护士。
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