Uses of Ammonia and Ammonium Compounds | 氨与铵化合物的用途

📚 Uses of Ammonia and Ammonium Compounds | 氨与铵化合物的用途

Ammonia, NH₃, is one of the most important industrial chemicals in the world. Over 150 million tonnes are produced annually, mainly by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen. Its largest single use is in fertiliser production, but ammonia and ammonium salts also feed into the manufacture of nitric acid, explosives, synthetic fibres, cleaning products and refrigeration systems. Understanding these uses links core A-level topics such as equilibria, acid-base behaviour, nitrogen chemistry and industrial processes.

氨（NH₃）是世界上最重要的工业化学品之一，年产量超过 1.5 亿吨，主要通过哈伯法由氮气和氢气合成。氨最大的用途是生产肥料，但氨和铵盐还用于制造硝酸、炸药、合成纤维、清洁产品以及制冷系统。理解这些用途可以将 A-level 中平衡、酸碱行为、氮化学和工业过程等核心主题联系起来。

1. Ammonia as a Key Industrial Chemical | 氨——重要的工业化学品

Ammonia is a colourless, pungent gas with the formula NH₃. It is highly soluble in water, forming an alkaline solution often called aqueous ammonia. Because ammonia is a weak Brønsted–Lowry base, it reacts with acids to form ammonium salts, in which the ammonium ion is NH₄⁺.

氨是一种无色、有刺激性气味的气体，化学式为 NH₃。它极易溶于水，形成常被称为氨水的碱性溶液。由于氨是一种弱的 Brønsted–Lowry 碱，它能与酸反应生成铵盐，其中铵离子为 NH₄⁺。

The nitrogen atom in ammonia has a lone pair, so ammonia can act as a ligand and as a nucleophile. This lone pair is central to many of its uses, from forming ammonium salts to making organic nitrogen compounds.

氨中的氮原子带有一对孤电子对，因此氨可以作为配体和亲核试剂。这对孤电子对是氨许多用途的核心，从形成铵盐到制造有机含氮化合物都离不开它。

NH₃(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ NH₄⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

2. Fertilisers and the Nitrogen Cycle | 肥料与氮循环

The largest use of ammonia is in the manufacture of nitrogen-containing fertilisers. Plants need nitrogen to synthesise proteins and nucleic acids, but most cannot use atmospheric N₂ directly. Ammonia provides ‘fixed’ nitrogen that can be converted to ammonium or nitrate ions in the soil.

氨最大的用途是制造含氮肥料。植物需要氮来合成蛋白质和核酸，但大多数植物不能直接利用大气中的 N₂。氨提供了 “固定” 氮，可在土壤中转化为铵

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