Worksheet Answers – Chapter 1: Enterprise | 第一章练习答案：企业

📚 Worksheet Answers – Chapter 1: Enterprise | 第一章练习答案：企业

This worksheet answer set covers the core Cambridge AS & A Level Business Chapter 1 topic on enterprise. Each section provides model answers, key definitions, worked calculations, and exam-style commentary to help you check your understanding before moving on to business structure and size.

本练习答案套装涵盖剑桥 AS 与 A Level 商务第 1 章关于企业的核心内容。每个小节提供标准答案、关键定义、计算示例和考试风格的点评，帮助你在进入企业结构和规模章节前检查理解程度。

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1. Defining Enterprise and Entrepreneurship | 定义企业与企业家精神

Enterprise is the process by which individuals or groups identify a business opportunity, take calculated risks, and organise land, labour, capital, and enterprise as resources to supply goods or services. A key point in the marking scheme is that enterprise is both a factor of production and an activity, not just a synonym for ‘business’.

企业是个人或群体识别商业机会、承担可计算的风险并组织土地、劳动、资本和企业才能等资源来提供商品或服务的过程。评分标准中的一个要点是，企业既是一种生产要素，也是一种活动，而不仅仅是 ‘企业’ 这个词的同义词。

Entrepreneurship is the broader mindset of starting and developing a business venture. An entrepreneur is the person who carries out this role, often by combining resources in new ways, introducing innovations, or exploiting gaps in the market.

企业家精神是创办和发展商业项目的更广泛心态。企业家是承担这一角色的人，通常通过以新方式组合资源、引入创新或利用市场空白来实现。

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2. Added Value: Formula and Worked Example | 附加值：公式与计算示例

Added value is the difference between the selling price of a product and the cost of bought-in materials and components. It measures how much value a business adds to inputs through production, branding, or service.

附加值是指产品的销售价格与外购材料和零部件成本之间的差额。它衡量企业通过生产、品牌或服务为投入品增加多少价值。

Added value = Selling price − Cost of bought-in materials and components

附加值 = 销售价格 − 外购材料和零部件的成本

Worked example: A coffee shop buys beans, milk, and cups for $1.20 per drink and sells each coffee for $4.50. Added value per drink = $4.50 − $1.20 = $3.30. Do not subtract wages, rent, or marketing costs in this formula; those are overheads, not bought-in materials.

计算示例：一家咖啡店每杯饮品外购咖啡豆、牛奶和杯子成本为 1.20 美元，每杯售价 4.50 美元。每杯附加值 = 4.50 − 1.20 = 3.30 美元。公式中不要减去工资、租金或营销费用；这些属于间接费用，不属于外购材料。

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3. Goods vs Services: Key Distinctions | 商品与服务：主要区别

Goods are tangible items that can be seen, touched, and stored before sale, such as furniture, electronics, and packaged food. Services are intangible activities provided at the point of consumption, such as transport, insurance, and education.

商品是可以在销售前看到、触摸和储存的有形物品，例如家具、电子产品和包装食品。服务是在消费时提供的无形活动，例如运输、保险和教育。

A worksheet answer earns full marks if it explains intangibility, inseparability, and perishability when contrasting services with goods. For example, a haircut cannot be stored, and the customer is often present during delivery.

如果在对比服务与商品时解释了无形性、不可分离性和易逝性，练习答案就能获得满分。例如，理发无法储存，而且顾客在提供服务时通常在场。

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4. Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs | 成功企业家的特征

Successful entrepreneurs often show initiative, resilience, innovation, and the ability to take calculated risks. Exam-style answers should link each characteristic to a business situation rather than just listing words.

成功的企业家通常表现出主动性、韧性、创新能力和承担可计算风险的能力。考试风格的答案应将每个特征与具体的商业情境联系起来，而不仅仅是罗列词汇。

For instance, resilience helps an entrepreneur survive early losses because many start-ups face negative cash flow in the first year. Innovation can be as simple as improving a delivery method, not necessarily inventing a new product.

例如，韧性帮助企业家在早期亏损中生存下来，因为许多初创企业在第一年面临负现金流。创新可以是改进配送方式这样简单的事情，而不一定是发明新产品。

Other relevant traits include self-confidence, networking ability, and decision-making under uncertainty. Mark schemes accept any justified characteristic, so always add an example: ‘An entrepreneur needs networking ability to secure suppliers at short notice.’

其他相关特质包括自信、建立人脉的能力以及在不确定条件下作出决策的能力。评分标准接受任何有合理理由的特征，因此始终要加上例子：’企业家需要建立人脉的能力，以便在短时间内找到供应商。’

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5. Economic Importance of Enterprise | 企业对经济的重要性

Enterprise drives economic growth by creating employment, generating tax revenue, and increasing consumer choice. New businesses often introduce competition, which can lower prices and improve quality for consumers.

企业通过创造就业、产生税收和增加消费者选择来推动经济增长。新企业通常会引入竞争，这可以降低价格并提高消费者的质量。

A strong answer will refer to the role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in providing local jobs and acting as suppliers to larger firms. In many economies, SMEs account for a large share of private-sector employment.

一个有力的答案会提到中小企业在提供本地就业和充当大企业供应商方面的作用。在许多经济体中，中小企业占私营部门就业的很大份额。

Enterprise can also support social mobility: individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds can start ventures without large initial capital, especially in service industries such as tutoring or online retail.

企业还能支持社会流动：出身不利的个人可以在不需要大量初始资本的情况下创业，尤其是在辅导或在线零售等服务行业。

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6. Challenges Facing New Enterprises | 新企业面临的挑战

Common challenges include limited access to finance, strong competition from established firms, and unpredictable cash flow. New enterprises often lack a track record, making lenders reluctant to provide loans.

常见的挑战包括融资渠道有限、来自成熟企业的激烈竞争以及不可预测的现金流。新企业通常缺乏经营记录，这使得贷款人不愿提供贷款。

Other obstacles are skills shortages, regulatory compliance, and difficulty building customer trust. A worksheet answer should explain the impact of the challenge, not simply state the factor.

其他障碍包括技能短缺、监管合规以及难以建立客户信任。练习答案应解释挑战的影响，而不仅仅是陈述因素。

Example: Cash-flow problems are particularly dangerous because a profitable business can still fail if customers delay payment while suppliers demand immediate settlement.

示例：现金流问题尤其危险，因为即使企业盈利，如果客户延迟付款而供应商要求立即结算，企业仍可能倒闭。

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7. The Role of a Business Plan | 商业计划的作用

A business plan is a written document that sets out the business idea, objectives, target market, financial forecasts, and operational strategy. Its main purpose is to reduce uncertainty and persuade lenders or investors to provide finance.

商业计划是一份书面文件，阐明商业理念、目标、目标市场、财务预测和运营战略。其主要目的是降低不确定性，并说服贷款人或投资者提供资金。

A well-structured plan also forces the entrepreneur to research demand, estimate costs realistically, and identify potential problems before launch. This planning process is often more valuable than the document itself.

一份结构良好的计划还迫使企业家在启动前研究需求、现实地估计成本并识别潜在问题。这个规划过程往往比文件本身更有价值。

In exam answers, avoid saying the plan ‘guarantees success’. Say it ‘reduces risk by allowing the entrepreneur to monitor actual performance against targets and take corrective action.’

在考试答案中，不要说计划 ‘保证成功’。应该说它 ‘通过让企业家对照目标监控实际表现并采取纠正措施来降低风险’。

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8. Profit as a Business Objective | 利润作为商业目标

Published by TutorHao | A-Level 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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