Worksheet Answers – Chapter 24: Budgets | 第24章练习答案：预算

📚 Worksheet Answers – Chapter 24: Budgets | 第24章练习答案：预算

This worksheet answer guide covers the main budgeting concepts tested in Cambridge A-Level Business Chapter 24. It includes worked solutions, variance analysis, cash budgets, and exam-style commentary to help you check your understanding and improve your written answers.

本练习答案指南涵盖剑桥 A-Level 商务第24章的主要预算概念。内容包括详细解题过程、差异分析、现金预算以及考试风格点评，帮助你检查理解并提升书面作答能力。

1. What Is a Budget? | 什么是预算

A budget is a financial plan for the future, usually prepared for a defined period such as one month, one quarter, or one year. It sets out expected revenue, costs, and profit, and gives managers a benchmark against which actual results can be measured.

预算是对未来做出的财务计划，通常按一个月、一个季度或一年等明确期间编制。预算列明预期收入、成本和利润，并为管理者提供衡量实际业绩的基准。

Budgets are used for planning, control, coordination, and motivation. They help a business allocate resources, communicate targets, and monitor performance.

预算用于计划、控制、协调和激励。预算帮助企业分配资源、传达目标并监控绩效。

Planning: budgets force managers to look ahead and set priorities.
Control: actual results are compared with budgeted figures.
Coordination: different departments can work towards shared financial goals.
Motivation: realistic budgets can encourage staff to hit targets.

计划：预算促使管理者向前看并确定优先事项。
控制：将实际结果与预算数据进行比较。
协调：不同部门可以朝着共同的财务目标努力。
激励：现实的预算能够鼓励员工实现目标。

2. Main Types of Budgets | 预算的主要类型

Chapter 24 usually expects you to distinguish between income, cost, profit, and cash budgets. Each type has a different purpose and time frame.

第24章通常要求你区分收入预算、成本预算、利润预算和现金预算。每种预算都有不同的用途和时间范围。

An income or sales budget shows expected sales revenue. A cost or expenditure budget shows expected costs such as materials, labour, and overheads. A profit budget combines revenue and costs to show expected profit.

收入或销售预算显示预期销售收入。成本或支出预算显示预期的材料、人工和间接费用等成本。利润预算将收入和成本结合起来，显示预期利润。

A cash budget is different because it focuses on the timing of cash inflows and outflows. A business can be profitable but still run out of cash if customers pay late or large purchases are made upfront.

现金预算不同，因为它关注现金流入和流出的时间。企业可以实现盈利，但如果客户付款延迟或需要提前进行大额采购，仍可能出现现金短缺。

Budget type	Purpose	Key question
Sales budget	Planned revenue	How much will we sell?
Cost budget	Planned spending	What will it cost?
Profit budget	Expected profit	Will the business earn enough?
Cash budget	Cash timing	Can we pay our bills on time?

In worksheet answers, always identify the budget type before performing calculations. Writing “this is a cash budget, not a profit budget” can help you avoid basic errors such as including depreciation.

在练习答案中，进行任何计算前都要先判断预算类型。写出“这是现金预算，不是利润预算”，可以帮助你避免将折旧等非现金项目计入现金预算的基础错误。

3. Budget Setting Approaches | 预算编制方法

Cambridge A-Level Business often asks students to compare top-down and bottom-up budgeting, or to explain incremental and zero-based budgeting.

剑桥 A-Level 商务经常要求学生比较自上而下与自下而上的预算编制方式，或解释增量预算和零基预算。

Top-down budgeting means senior managers set targets and pass them down to departments. It is quick and aligned with corporate strategy, but may ignore local knowledge and reduce motivation.

自上而下预算是指高层管理者制定目标并下发给各部门。这种方式速度快，与企业战略一致，但可能忽视基层信息，并降低员工积极性。

Bottom-up budgeting means departmental managers prepare their own budgets, which are then consolidated. It can improve motivation and accuracy, but may lead to padding or overspending if targets are too easy.

自下而上预算是指部门管理者先编制本部门预算，再汇总。它可以提高积极性和准确性，但如果目标过于宽松，可能导致虚报预算或超支。

Zero-based budgeting requires every expense to be justified from zero each year. Incremental budgeting simply adjusts last year’s budget by a fixed percentage or amount. Zero-based budgeting can control costs better, but it is time-consuming.

零基预算要求每年从零开始证明每项支出的合理性。增量预算只是在上一年预算基础上按固定百分比或金额进行调整。零基预算能够更好地控制成本，但较为耗时。

4. Variance Analysis | 差异分析

Variance analysis compares budgeted figures with actual figures. A favourable variance improves profit, while an adverse variance reduces profit.

差异分析将预算数据与实际数据进行比较。有利差异会提高利润，不利差异会降低利润。

Variance = Actual figure − Budgeted figure

For revenue, a positive variance is favourable because actual sales are higher than budgeted. For costs, a positive variance is adverse because actual spending is higher than budgeted.

对收入而言，正差异是有利的，因为实际销售高于预算。对成本而言，正差异是不利的，因为实际支出高于预算。

In exam answers, always state whether the variance is favourable (F) or adverse (A). Many marks are lost when students calculate correctly but forget to label the direction.

在考试答案中，必须说明差异是有利（F）还是不利（A）。许多学生计算正确但忘记标注方向而丢分。

5. Worked Example: Sales Variance | 例题：销售差异

A business budgeted to sell 2,000 units at £25 each. Actual sales were 1,800 units at £27 each. Calculate the sales revenue variance.

某企业预算销售 2,000 件，每件 £25。实际销售 1,800 件，每件 £27。计算销售收入差异。

Budgeted sales revenue = 2,000 × £25 = £50,000. Actual sales revenue = 1,800 × £27 = £48,600. Variance = £48,600 − £50,000 = −£1,400.

预算销售收入 = 2,000 × £25 = £50,000。实际销售收入 = 1,800 × £27 = £48,600。差异 = £48,600 − £50,000 = −£1,400。

This is an adverse variance of £1,400 because actual revenue is lower than budgeted. In a written answer, you should add that the lower volume was partly offset by a higher selling price.

这是 £1,400 的不利差异，因为实际收入低于预算。书面作答时还应补充说明，较低的销量被较高的售价部分抵消。

6. Cash Budget Structure | 现金预算结构

A cash budget is usually laid out with an opening balance, total cash inflows, total cash outflows, and a closing balance. The closing balance of one month becomes the opening balance of the next month.

现金预算通常列出期初余额、现金流入总额、现金流出总额和期末余额。某个月的期末余额会成为下一个月的期初余额。

Closing balance = Opening balance + Inflows − Outflows

Common inflows include cash sales, payments from credit customers, and loans. Common outflows include wages, raw materials, rent, and loan repayments.

常见现金流入包括现销收入、赊销客户付款和贷款。常见现金流出包括工资、原材料、租金和偿还贷款。

Non-cash items such as depreciation or profit on disposal must not appear in a cash budget. A depreciation charge reduces profit, but it does not involve a cash payment.

折旧或资产处置收益等非现金项目不得出现在现金预算中。折旧费用会减少利润，但并不涉及现金支付。

7. Worked Example: Cash Budget | 例题：现金预算

A business starts January with an opening cash balance of £2,000. Cash sales are £8,000 per month. Cash purchases are £3,500 per month. Wages are £2,200 per month. Rent of £1,000 is paid in February and March only. Calculate the closing balance for each month.

某企业 1 月初现金余额为 £2,000。每月现销收入为 £8,000。每月现购支出为 £3,500。每月工资为 £2,200。租金 £1,000 仅在 2 月和 3 月支付。计算每个月的期末余额。

January: inflows £8,000; outflows £3,500 + £2,200 = £5,700; closing balance = £2,000 + £8,000 − £5,700 = £4,300.

1 月：流入 £8,000；流出 £3,500 + £2,200 = £5,700；期末余额 = £2,000 + £8,000 − £5,700 = £4,300。

February: opening £4,300; inflows £8,000; outflows £3,500 + £2,200 + £1,000 = £6,700; closing balance = £4,300 + £8,000 − £6,700 = £5,600.

2 月：期初 £4,300；流入 £8,000；流出 £3,500 + £2,200 + £1,000 = £6,700；期末余额 = £4,300 + £8,000 − £6,700 = £5,600。

March: opening £5,600; inflows £8,000; outflows £3,500 + £2,200 + £1,000 = £6,700; closing balance = £5,600 + £8,000 − £6,700 = £6,900.

3 月：期初 £5,600；流入 £8,000；流出 £3,500 + £2,200 + £1,000 = £6,700；期末余额 = £5,600 + £8,000 − £6,700 = £6,900。

Always show your workings in a table or step-by-step format. Even if the final balance is wrong, method marks are available for correct opening balance carry-forward.

作答时始终以表格或分步形式展示计算过程。即使最终余额错误，只要期初余额结转正确，仍可获得方法分。

8. Flexible Budgets | 弹性预算

A flexible budget adjusts budgeted figures for different levels of activity. It is especially useful when sales volume is uncertain because it allows more meaningful variance analysis.

弹性预算根据不同作业水平调整预算数据。当销售量不确定时，弹性预算尤其有用，因为它能使差异分析更有意义。

For example, if actual production is 1,200 units, a flexible budget will restate variable costs for 1,200 units. Comparing actual costs with the flexible budget shows efficiency, while comparing the flexible budget with the original budget shows activity differences.

例如，如果实际产量为 1,200 件，弹性预算将按 1,200 件重新计算变动成本。将实际成本与弹性预算比较可以反映效率，而将弹性预算与原预算比较可以反映作业量差异。

In worksheet questions, state whether the comparison uses a fixed budget or a flexible budget. Using the wrong basis can make a manager look responsible for a variance caused by volume alone.

在练习题目中，要说明比较使用的是固定预算还是弹性预算。使用错误基础可能会让管理者承担仅由销量造成的差异责任。

9. Benefits of Budgeting | 预算的好处

Budgeting helps managers plan ahead, allocate resources, coordinate departments, and control spending. It also provides clear targets for individuals and teams.

预算有助于管理者提前计划、分配资源、协调部门和控制支出。预算还为个人和团队提供了明确的目标。

A good exam answer links the benefit to the context. For example, a start-up with limited cash benefits from a cash budget because it can arrange an overdraft before a cash shortage occurs.

优秀考试答案应该将好处与具体背景联系起来。例如，现金有限的初创企业可以通过现金预算受益，因为它可以在现金短缺发生前安排透支。

Budgets can also support delegation. Senior managers can give departmental managers budget responsibility, which improves accountability and allows faster local decisions.

预算还可以支持授权。高层管理者可以把预算责任交给部门经理，这有助于加强问责，并让基层决策更快进行。

10. Limitations of Budgeting | 预算的局限性

Budgets are based on forecasts, so they can become inaccurate if market conditions change. Rapid inflation, exchange rate movements, or competitor actions can make a budget obsolete very quickly.

预算基于预测，如果市场环境发生变化，预算可能变得不准确。快速通胀、汇率波动或竞争对手行动都可能使预算很快过时。

Budgets can also create conflict between departments, especially when each department tries to protect its own allocation. They may encourage short-term thinking and rigid behaviour rather than long-term strategic flexibility.

预算还可能在部门之间引发冲突，特别是当各部门试图保护自身分配资源时。预算可能鼓励短期思维和僵化行为，而不是长期战略灵活性。

Another limitation is budget padding, where managers deliberately overestimate costs or underestimate revenue to make targets easier to achieve. This reduces the budget’s usefulness as a control tool.

另一个局限是预算虚报，即管理者故意高估成本或低估收入，使目标更容易实现。这会降低预算作为控制工具的效用。

11. Exam-Style Question and Answer | 考试风格问答题及答案

Question: Explain two reasons why a growing business might use cash budgets rather than only profit budgets. [4 marks]

题目：解释成长型企业为什么应当使用现金预算而不仅仅使用利润预算的两个原因。[4 分]

Answer: First, a cash budget shows the timing of receipts and payments. A growing business may make a profit but still face liquidity problems if customers pay after 60 days while suppliers require payment in 30 days. The cash budget reveals any future cash gap so the business can arrange finance in advance.

答案：首先，现金预算显示收款和付款的时间。成长型企业可能盈利，但如果客户 60 天后付款而供应商要求 30 天内付款，企业仍会面临流动性问题。现金预算能揭示未来任何现金缺口，以便企业提前安排融资。

Second, cash budgets help a growing business finance expansion safely. Purchasing more inventory or new equipment may require large upfront cash payments. A cash budget enables managers to plan capital spending without risking the ability to pay wages and suppliers.

其次，现金预算有助于成长型企业安全地为扩张融资。购买更多存货或新设备可能需要大额现金支出。现金预算使管理者能够在不影响支付工资和供应商能力的前提下规划资本支出。

This answer earns marks because it identifies two distinct reasons, explains each point, and uses business language such as liquidity, timing, and capital spending.

该答案能得分，因为它指出了两个不同的原因，解释了每一点，并使用了流动性、时间安排和资本支出等商业术语。

12. Quick Revision Checklist | 快速复习清单

Before sitting your Chapter 24 assessment, make sure you can define a budget, list the main budget types, calculate a sales or cost variance, prepare a simple monthly cash budget, and explain at least two benefits and two limitations of budgeting.

在参加第24章评估之前，请确认你能够定义预算，列出主要预算类型，计算销售或成本差异，编制简单的月度现金预算，并解释预算的至少两个优点和两个局限性。

You should also understand the difference between cash and profit, top-down and bottom-up budgeting, incremental and zero-based budgeting, and fixed and flexible budgets. These comparisons are frequently used in 8–12 mark evaluation questions.

你还应该理解现金与利润、自上而下与自下而上预算、增量与零基预算、固定与弹性预算之间的区别。这些比较经常出现在 8–12 分的评估题中。

Label every variance as favourable or adverse.
Show all workings in cash budget answers.
Do not include depreciation in a cash budget.
Always link benefits and drawbacks to the given business context.

每个差异都要标注有利或不利。
现金预算答案要展示所有计算步骤。
不要把折旧计入现金预算。
始终将优点和缺点与给出的企业背景联系起来。

Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）

Worksheet Answers – Chapter 24: Budgets | 第24章 练习答案：预算