📚 Animal Cells vs Plant Cells: Key Differences | 动物细胞与植物细胞的差异
Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells, meaning they contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. However, they have evolved distinct structures that reflect their different lifestyles. This article summarises the key differences you need to know for CIE A-Level Biology.
动物细胞和植物细胞都是真核细胞，都含有细胞核和膜结合细胞器。然而，由于生活方式不同，它们演化出了各自独特的结构。本文总结了CIE A-Level 生物考试中你需要掌握的关键差异。
1. Cell Wall | 细胞壁
Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made mainly of cellulose. The cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane and provides structural support, preventing the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis.
植物细胞具有主要由纤维素构成的刚性细胞壁。细胞壁位于质膜外侧，提供结构支撑，防止细胞因渗透吸水而胀破。
Animal cells do not have a cell wall. They are surrounded only by the flexible plasma membrane. This allows animal cells to adopt various shapes and enables processes such as phagocytosis, where white blood cells engulf pathogens.
动物细胞没有细胞壁，仅由柔韧的质膜包围。这使得动物细胞能够呈现多种形态，并支持某些过程，例如白细胞吞噬病原体的胞吞作用。
2. Chloroplasts | 叶绿体
Plant cells, especially in leaves, contain chloroplasts. These organelles contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
植物细胞，尤其是叶片中的细胞，含有叶绿体。这些细胞器含有叶绿素，能够进行光合作用，将光能转化为储存在葡萄糖中的化学能。
Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts. They obtain energy by respiring organic molecules, usually glucose, which they acquire from their diet rather than by photosynthesis.
动物细胞不含叶绿体。它们通过呼吸有机物（通常是葡萄糖）来获取能量，这些有机物来自食物而非光合作用。
3. Vacuoles | 液泡
Mature plant cells typically have one large central vacuole. It is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast and contains cell sap, a solution of sugars, salts, and pigments. The vacuole helps maintain turgor pressure, supporting the plant, and can also store substances.
成熟的植物细胞通常具有一个大的中央液泡。液泡由称为液泡膜的膜包围，内部含有细胞液——糖、盐和色素的溶液。液泡有助于维持膨压，支撑植物体，也可储存物质。
Animal cells may have small vacuoles, but they are never as large or as permanent as the plant central vacuole. In animal cells, small vacuoles are often involved in transport or temporary storage, such as endocytic vesicles.
动物细胞可能有小液泡，但绝不像植物中央液泡那样大且持久。动物细胞中的小液泡通常参与运输或临时储存，例如内吞囊泡。
4. Centrioles | 中心粒
Animal cells contain centrioles, a pair of barrel-shaped structures made of microtubules, located near the nucleus. Centrioles help organise the spindle fibres during cell division (mitosis and meiosis).
动物细胞含有中心粒——一对由微管构成的桶状结构，位于细胞核附近。中心粒帮助在细胞分裂（有丝分裂和减数分裂）期间组织纺锤丝。
Plant cells do not have centrioles. Despite this, plants still form a spindle during cell division, but the mechanism of organising microtubules differs from that in animal cells.
植物细胞没有中心粒。尽管如此，植物在细胞分裂时仍能形成纺锤体，但其组织微管的机制与动物细胞不同。
5. Energy Storage | 储能物质
Animal cells store glycogen as a carbohydrate energy reserve. Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose that can be rapidly broken down when energy is needed.
动物细胞以糖原作为碳水化合物能量储备。糖原是高度分支的葡萄糖聚合物，在需要能量时可被快速分解。
Plant cells store starch instead. Starch is a mixture of amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched) and serves as a long-term energy store. Unlike glycogen, starch is less soluble and does not affect the osmotic balance of the cell as much.
植物细胞则储存淀粉。淀粉是直链淀粉（无分支）和支链淀粉（有分支）的混合物，作为长期能量储备。与糖原相比，淀粉溶解性低，对细胞渗透平衡影响较小。
6. Lysosomes | 溶酶体
Animal cells commonly contain lysosomes, membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes digest materials taken in by endocytosis, recycle worn-out organelles, and destroy pathogens.
动物细胞通常含有溶酶体，这是一种含有水解酶的膜结合细胞器。这些酶消化内吞进入的物质、回收衰老的细胞器，并摧毁病原体。
Plant cells rarely have true lysosomes. However, the plant vacuole can perform similar digestive functions, breaking down macromolecules and storing waste products. In A-Level terms, remember that lysosomes are a characteristic feature of animal cells.
植物细胞很少具有真正的溶酶体。然而，植物液泡可以执行类似的消化功能，分解大分子并储存废物。在A-Level考试中，请记住溶酶体是动物细胞的特征结构。
7. Cell Division (Cytokinesis) | 细胞分裂（胞质分裂）
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs when a contractile ring of actin microfilaments pinches the cell membrane inward, creating a cleavage furrow that splits the cell into two.
动物细胞的胞质分裂通过肌动蛋白微丝形成的收缩环向内收紧细胞膜，产生分裂沟，将细胞分为两个。
In plant cells, because the rigid cell wall prevents pinching, a cell plate forms in the middle of the cell. The cell plate fuses with the existing plasma membrane and cell wall, dividing the cell into two daughter cells.
植物细胞由于刚性细胞壁阻碍了收缩，因此会在细胞中央形成细胞板。细胞板与已有的质膜和细胞壁融合，将细胞分成两个子细胞。
8. Cell Shape and Organisation | 细胞形态与组织
Animal cells generally have an irregular or rounded shape because they lack a cell wall. They can be specialised for movement, such as sperm cells and muscle cells.
动物细胞因为没有细胞壁，通常呈不规则或圆形。它们可以特化用于运动，例如精子细胞和肌肉细胞。
Plant cells are usually regular, cuboidal or box-like, due to the rigid cell wall. This structural rigidity is essential for supporting the whole plant, especially when cells are turgid.
植物细胞因有刚性细胞壁，通常呈规则的长方体或盒状。这种结构刚性对支撑整个植物体至关重要，尤其在细胞膨大时。
9. Communication Junctions | 细胞间通讯连接
Plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata — small channels through the cell walls that allow transport of water, ions, RNA, and signalling molecules between adjacent cells.
植物细胞通过胞间连丝相连——这些穿过细胞壁的小通道允许水、离子、RNA和信号分子在相邻细胞间运输。
Animal cells lack plasmodesmata. Instead, they use gap junctions (in animals, actually gap junctions in vertebrates and septate junctions in invertebrates) or tight junctions and desmosomes for cell-to-cell adhesion and communication. In A-Level, focus on gap junctions as sites of direct communication.
动物细胞没有胞间连丝。相反，它们利用间隙连接（脊椎动物中的间隙连接和无脊椎动物中的隔膜连接）或紧密连接、桥粒进行细胞间粘附和通讯。在A-Level中，重点关注间隙连接作为直接通讯的位点。
10. Summary Table | 总结表
The following table compares the essential features of animal and plant cells.
下表比较了动物细胞和植物细胞的基本特征。
| Feature | Animal Cell | Plant Cell |
|---|---|---|
| Cell wall | Absent | Present (cellulose) |
| Chloroplasts | Absent | Present (in photosynthetic cells) |
| Central vacuole | Absent or small | Large, permanent |
| Centrioles | Present | Absent |
| Carbohydrate store | Glycogen | Starch |
| Lysosomes | Common | Rare; vacuole performs similar roles |
| Cytokinesis | Cleavage furrow | Cell plate formation |
| Plasmodesmata | Absent | Present |
Remember that animal and plant cells also share many features, such as a nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and a plasma membrane. In an exam, be ready to state both similarities and differences.
请记住，动物细胞和植物细胞也有很多共同特征，如细胞核、线粒体、核糖体、粗面型内质网、滑面型内质网、高尔基体和质膜。在考试中，要准备好同时说明它们的相同点和不同点。
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