📚 AS AQA International Chemistry Unit 1 (CH01): Data Insert and Core Concepts | AS AQA 国际化学 Unit 1 (CH01)：数据插页与核心概念
This article provides a focused revision guide for the AQA International AS Chemistry Unit 1 paper (code CH01), with special attention to the 6 January 2023 examination and the use of the data insert. We will walk through the essential topics, explain how to extract information from the insert, and highlight common mistakes that cost marks.
本文针对 AQA 国际 AS 化学单元 1 试卷（代码 CH01）提供重点复习指南，特别关注 2023 年 1 月 6 日的考试以及数据插页的使用。我们将梳理核心主题，讲解如何从插页中提取信息，并指出常见的失分点。
1. Overview of the AS AQA Chemistry Unit 1 Exam | 1. AS AQA 化学第一单元考试概览
The CH01 paper is a written examination lasting 1 hour 30 minutes, with a total of 80 marks. It covers physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry and relevant practical skills. The data insert is provided as a separate booklet containing periodic table, ionization energies, bond enthalpy data, standard electrode potentials and other constants.
CH01 试卷为笔试，时长 1 小时 30 分钟，满分 80 分。考查内容包括物理化学、无机化学及相关实验技能。数据插页作为独立小册子提供，包含元素周期表、电离能、键焓数据、标准电极电势及其他常数。
Questions often begin with recall of definitions, then apply concepts to unfamiliar contexts. The insert is not a luxury, it is a working tool. You must know exactly where each piece of data is located and how to use it quickly.
题目通常先考查定义回忆，然后应用概念到陌生情境。插页不是摆设，而是必备工具。你必须准确知道每项数据的位置，并能够快速使用。
2. Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration | 2. 原子结构与电子排布
Atomic structure questions test your understanding of protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes. The insert gives relative atomic masses and mass numbers, but you must know that the number of protons defines the element, while isotopes differ in neutron number.
原子结构题考查你对质子、中子、电子和同位素的理解。插页给出相对原子质量和质量数，但你必须知道质子数决定元素，而同位素则是在中子数上有所不同。
Electron configuration requires you to write orders such as 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰. Remember that the 4s sub-shell fills before 3d, but 3d is lower in energy when occupied. Use the insert’s periodic table to locate blocks quickly.
电子排布需要你写出如 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 的顺序。记住 4s 亚层先于 3d 填充，但占据后 3d 能量更低。利用插页中的周期表快速定位区。
Ionisation energy trends are also common. The insert lists successive ionisation energies for elements. You should be able to explain why there is a large jump between specific ionisation energies, indicating a change in shell or sub-shell.
电离能趋势也很常见。插页列出了元素逐级电离能。你需要能够解释为什么在某一级电离能之间出现大的跳跃，这表明壳层或亚壳层发生了变化。
3. Amount of Substance and Moles | 3. 物质的量与摩尔
Molar calculations are the backbone of CH01. The insert provides the Avogadro constant (L = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹) and molar gas volume at room temperature (24.0 dm³ mol⁻¹). You will need to convert between mass, moles, concentration and gas volume.
摩尔计算是 CH01 的基石。插页提供了阿伏伽德罗常数（L = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹）和室温下摩尔气体体积（24.0 dm³ mol⁻¹）。你需要在质量、物质的量、浓度和气体体积之间进行转换。
Use the formula triangle: n = m / M, n = c × V, and n = V(gas) / 24.0. Always check units: convert cm³ to dm³ by dividing by 1000, and mg to g by dividing by 1000.
使用公式三角形：n = m / M，n = c × V，n = V(气体) / 24.0。始终检查单位：将 cm³ 转换为 dm³ 需除以 1000，将 mg 转换为 g 需除以 1000。
Empirical and molecular formula questions require you to find the simplest ratio of moles. If you have combustion data, use mass of CO₂ and H₂O to find the moles of carbon and hydrogen. A common error is forgetting to account for residual oxygen in the compound.
经验式和分子式题要求找出最简单的摩尔比。如果你有燃烧数据，利用 CO₂ 和 H₂O 的质量求出碳和氢的物质的量。常见错误是忘记计算化合物中剩余氧的量。
4. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 4. 化学键与结构
The insert is less crucial for bonding, but you need to recall the types of structure: ionic, covalent, metallic and intermolecular. Be able to describe the bonding in terms of electron transfer, shared pairs, delocalised electrons and permanent/induced dipoles.
插页对于键合部分不太关键，但你需要回忆结构类型：离子、共价、金属和分子间作用。要能够描述电子转移、共享电子对、离域电子和永久/诱导偶极等成键方式。
For example, sodium chloride is an ionic lattice with strong electrostatic attraction between ions. In contrast, diamond has a giant covalent structure with strong covalent bonds, making it very hard and with a high melting point.
例如，氯化钠是离子晶格，离子之间存在强静电引力。相反，金刚石具有巨型共价结构，强共价键使其非常坚硬且熔点高。
Intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, permanent dipole forces and London forces should be ranked by strength. The insert may give bond enthalpy values, but you must relate them to bond strength and the energy required to break bonds.
分子间作用力如氢键、永久偶极力和伦敦力应按强度排序。插页可能给出键焓值，但你必须将其与键强度以及断裂键所需的能量联系起来。
5. Energetics: Enthalpy Changes | 5. 能量学：焓变
Enthalpy change (ΔH) is a key concept. The insert supplies standard enthalpies of formation, combustion and bond dissociation enthalpies. You must know the sign convention: exothermic reactions give negative ΔH, endothermic reactions give positive ΔH.
焓变（ΔH）是关键概念。插页提供标准生成焓、燃烧焓和键解离焓。你必须知道符号约定：放热反应 ΔH 为负，吸热反应 ΔH 为正。
A typical question asks you to calculate the enthalpy change from bond enthalpies using the formula:
典型问题要求你利用键焓计算焓变，公式为：
ΔH = Σ(bonds broken) − Σ(bonds formed)
Remember to double-check the number of each bond in the balanced equation. For example, in C₂H₄ + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 2H₂O, you break one C=C, four C–H and three O=O. Using mean bond enthalpies from the insert can give approximate results.
记住要仔细检查平衡方程中每种键的数量。例如，在 C₂H₄ + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 2H₂O 中，你断裂一个 C=C、四个 C–H 和三个 O=O。使用插页中的平均键焓可以得到近似结果。
The insert also gives standard enthalpies of formation. Use the formula:
插页还给出标准生成焓。使用公式：
ΔH = Σ(ΔHf products) − Σ(ΔHf reactants)
Always include state symbols in thermochemical equations because the enthalpy of a substance depends on its physical state.
在热化学方程式中始终写上状态符号，因为物质的焓取决于其物理状态。
6. Hess’s Law and Energy Cycles | 6. 赫斯定律与能量循环
Hess’s law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken. The insert does not give Hess’s law itself, but it gives the numerical data needed to set up cycles.
赫斯定律指出，反应的总焓变与路径无关。插页本身并不给出赫斯定律，但提供了构建循环所需的数值数据。
You will often see a triangle with two routes: one direct from reactants to products, and another via an intermediate. For example, to find ΔH of formation of an organic compound, you can use combustion data:
你经常会看到一个三角形，有两条路径：一条直接从反应物到产物，另一条通过中间体。例如，求有机化合物的生成焓，可以用燃烧数据：
ΔHf(compound) = ΣΔHc(reactants) − ΣΔHc(products)
When constructing an energy cycle, clearly label the arrows and signs. A common mistake is to reverse the sign of ΔH when changing the direction of a reaction. Remember: if you go against an arrow, flip the sign.
构建能量循环时，清楚标注箭头和符号。常见错误是在改变反应方向时反转 ΔH 的符号。记住：如果逆箭头行走，就要改变符号。
Using the insert, practice reading off ΔHf and ΔHc values rapidly. Familiarity with the layout saves time in the exam.
使用插页，练习快速读取 ΔHf 和 ΔHc 值。熟悉版面布局可以在考试中节省时间。
7. Kinetics: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates | 7. 动力学：影响反应速率的因素
Kinetics questions test collision theory and factors such as concentration, temperature, surface area and catalysts. The insert provides activation energy data or rate constants in some questions, but you need to explain the effect on the number of successful collisions per second.
动力学题考查碰撞理论以及浓度、温度、表面积和催化剂等因素。插页在某些题目中提供活化能数据或速率常数，但你需要解释这些因素对每秒有效碰撞次数的影响。
Increasing concentration means more particles in a given volume, leading to more frequent collisions. Temperature increases average kinetic energy, so a greater proportion of collisions have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy (Ea).
增加浓度意味着给定体积中粒子更多，导致碰撞更频繁。温度升高使平均动能增大，因此更大比例的碰撞能量大于或等于活化能（Ea）。
Catalysts provide an alternative pathway with lower activation energy. The insert may include a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution; you should be able to shade the area representing particles with energy above Ea and show how a catalyst moves the Ea line to the left.
催化剂提供了活化能较低的替代路径。插页可能包含麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布；你应该能够阴影表示能量超过 Ea 的粒子区域，并显示催化剂如何使 Ea 线向左移动。
Remember that the rate equation and order of reaction are usually introduced at A-level, but AS CH01 may only require qualitative understanding of factors. Always relate your answer to ‘successful collisions’, not just ‘collisions’.
记住，速率方程和反应级数通常在 A-level 引入，但 AS CH01 可能只要求定性理解。回答时始终联系“有效碰撞”，而不只是“碰撞”。
8. Chemical Equilibria | 8. 化学平衡
Equilibrium is dynamic: the forward and reverse rates are equal. Le Chatelier’s principle says that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the position of equilibrium shifts to oppose the disturbance. The insert gives the equilibrium constant expression in some questions, but you must know how to write Kc for a given reaction.
平衡是动态的：正逆反应速率相等。勒夏特列原理指出，如果平衡系统受到干扰，平衡位置将朝着减弱该干扰的方向移动。插页在某些题目中给出平衡常数表达式，但你必须知道如何为给定反应写出 Kc。
For a gas reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, the equilibrium constant is:
对于气相反应 aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD，平衡常数为：
Kc = [C]ᶜ[D]ᵈ / ([A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ)
Concentration changes do not affect Kc; only temperature does. The insert lists enthalpy changes for reactions, so you can predict how temperature affects the position. For an exothermic forward reaction, increasing temperature shifts equilibrium to the left (favours endothermic direction).
浓度变化不会影响 Kc，只有温度会影响。插页列出反应的焓变，因此你可以预测温度如何影响平衡位置。对于正向放热反应，升高温度会使平衡向左移动（有利于吸热方向）。
Pressure changes only affect equilibria with different numbers of moles of gas. If the forward reaction produces fewer moles, high pressure favours the forward direction. The insert’s periodic table may help you identify states, but you need to judge from the equation.
压力变化只影响气体物质的量不同的平衡。如果正向反应产生的气体摩尔数更少，高压有利于正向。插页中的周期表可能帮助你确定状态，但你需要根据方程式判断。
9. Redox Processes and Oxidation Numbers | 9. 氧化还原过程与氧化数
Redox reactions involve electron transfer. You must be comfortable assigning oxidation numbers. The insert provides standard electrode potentials (E°), which help predict reaction direction: the more positive half-cell is reduced, the more negative is oxidised.
氧化还原反应涉及电子转移。你必须熟练指定氧化数。插页提供标准电极电势（E°），这有助于预测反应方向：更正半电池被还原，更负半电池被氧化。
Rules for oxidation numbers: uncombined elements = 0; monatomic ions = ionic charge; hydrogen = +1 (except in metal hydrides, H = −1); oxygen = −2 (except in peroxides, O = −1); fluorine = −1. The sum in a neutral compound is zero; in a polyatomic ion it equals the charge.
氧化数规则：未化合元素为 0；单原子离子等于离子电荷；氢为 +1（金属氢化物中为 −1）；氧为 −2（过氧化物中为 −1）；氟为 −1。中性化合物中代数和为 0；多原子离子中等于电荷。
From the insert, you can compare E° values to write half-equations and combine them. For example, if E°(Cl₂/Cl⁻) = +1.36 V and E°(I₂/I⁻) = +0.54 V, chlorine will oxidise iodide ions. Write the overall equation by balancing electrons.
使用插页，你可以比较 E° 值写出半方程并组合。例如，如果 E°(Cl₂/Cl⁻) = +1.36 V，E°(I₂/I⁻) = +0.54 V，则氯会氧化碘离子。通过配平电子写出总方程。
Be careful with state symbols in half-equations: always include (aq) for ions and electrons correctly. The insert provides the standard hydrogen electrode as a reference point, but you usually only need E° values.
在半方程中注意状态符号：离子和电子始终包含 (aq)。插页提供标准氢电极作为参考点，但你通常只需要 E° 值。
10. Periodicity and Trends in the Data Insert | 10. 周期性及插页中的趋势
The periodic table in the insert displays atomic numbers and relative atomic masses. However, for periodicity trends, you need to understand patterns in ionisation energy, atomic radius and electronegativity across periods and down groups.
插页中的周期表显示原子序数和相对原子质量。但是，对于周期律趋势，你需要理解电离能、原子半径和电负性在周期和族中的变化规律。
Across a period, ionisation energy generally increases due to increasing nuclear charge and decreasing atomic radius, while down a group it decreases because the outer electrons are further from the nucleus and more shielded.
同一周期从左到右，电离能通常增大，原因是核电荷增加、原子半径减小；同族从上到下电离能减小，因为外层电子离核更远、屏蔽效应更强。
The insert may contain successive ionisation energies for a specific element. A sudden large jump after removing a certain number of electrons indicates a change to an inner shell. For example, sodium loses one electron easily, then the second ionisation energy jumps massively.
插页可能包含特定元素的逐级电离能。移除一定数量电子后出现大的突跃，表明开始移除内层电子。例如，钠容易失去一个电子，然后第二电离能急剧增大。
Use the insert to compare atomic radii if needed. Although atomic radius is not directly printed, you can infer from the periodic table’s group and period positions. Remember that cations are smaller than their parent atoms, and anions are larger.
如有需要，使用插页比较原子半径。虽然原子半径未直接印出，但你可以根据周期表族和周期位置推断。记住，阳离子比其母原子小，阴离子比其母原子大。
11. Interpreting the 6 January 2023 Insert | 11. 解读 2023 年 1 月 6 日考试插页
The 6 January 2023 CH01 insert contained the periodic table and a range of thermodynamic and electrode data. Students who scored well had practiced navigating the insert quickly, extracting the necessary values and writing them down systematically.
2023 年 1 月 6 日 CH01 插页包含元素周期表以及一系列热力学和电极数据。得分高的学生都熟练地快速浏览插页、提取所需数值并系统记录下来。
For example, a question on lattice enthalpy might require using a Born-Haber cycle. The insert provides ionisation energies, electron affinities and enthalpy of formation. You should set up the cycle with arrows for each step, and then calculate the missing value by ensuring the sum around the cycle equals zero.
例如，关于晶格焓的问题可能需要使用波恩-哈伯循环。插页提供电离能、电子亲和能和生成焓。你应该为每一步设置箭头，然后通过循环总和为零来计算缺失值。
Another likely insert-dependent question is the calculation of an unknown standard electrode potential from a cell diagram. Use the equation E(cell) = E(positive) − E(negative), where the more positive value is the cathode.
另一个依赖插页的问题是，根据电池图计算未知标准电极电势。使用公式 E(电池) = E(正) − E(负)，其中更正的值是阴极。
Always remember to quote the data reference in your working. If you use a value from the insert, write it down. Even if the final answer is wrong, correct method marks can be awarded.
始终记住在解答过程中引用数据。如果你使用插页中的值，请写下来。即使最终答案错误，也可以获得方法分。
12. Exam Strategy and Common Pitfalls | 12. 考试策略与常见陷阱
Start by scanning the insert: know where the periodic table is, where the thermodynamic data begins, and where the electrode potentials are. Do not waste time flipping pages during the exam. Label each answer with units and significant figures consistent with the data given.
开始时先浏览插页：知道周期表在哪里，热力学数据从哪里开始，电极电势在哪里。考试期间不要浪费时间翻页。每个答案都要标注单位，有效数字与给定数据保持一致。
Common pitfalls include: confusing exothermic and endothermic signs, forgetting state symbols in thermochemical equations, using dm³ without converting to cm³, and writing oxidation numbers instead of oxidation states. In kinetics questions, avoid vague answers like ‘more energy’; specify ‘more particles have energy ≥ Ea’.
常见陷阱包括：混淆放热和吸热符号，热化学方程式中忘记状态符号，使用 dm³ 而未转换为 cm³，以及把氧化数写得混乱。在动力学题中，避免“更多能量”这类模糊表述；要具体说“更多粒子能量 ≥ Ea”。
For calculation questions, always show your working in a logical sequence. Use the insert values exactly as given; do not round intermediate steps. Finally, manage your time: aim to spend about 1 minute per mark, leaving 5 minutes at the end to check units and revisit any blank parts.
对于计算题，始终按逻辑顺序写出过程。直接使用插页给出的数值，不要四舍五入中间步骤。最后，管理好时间：大约每分钟 1 分，留出 5 分钟最后检查单位并回头处理未答部分。
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