📚 OxfordAQA PH01 June 2023 Mark Scheme Analysis | 牛津AQA PH01 2023年6月评分标准解析
The OxfordAQA International AS Physics PH01 examination assesses students’ understanding of core physics concepts including mechanics, materials, and waves. The June 2023 final mark scheme reveals important patterns in how marks are awarded, common question formats, and the depth of understanding required. This article provides a comprehensive breakdown of the mark scheme, helping students understand exactly what examiners look for and how to maximise their scores.
牛津AQA国际AS物理PH01考试评估学生对力学、材料和波动等核心物理概念的理解。2023年6月的最终评分标准揭示了分数授予方式、常见题型格式以及所需理解深度的重要规律。本文对评分标准进行全面解析，帮助学生准确理解考官的评分点，从而最大化得分。
1. Exam Structure and Paper Design | 考试结构与试卷设计
The PH01 paper is a 2-hour written examination worth 80 marks, accounting for 50% of the International AS qualification. The paper is divided into two sections: Section A contains 40 marks of multiple-choice questions, while Section B contains 40 marks of structured and extended-response questions. The June 2023 paper followed this exact structure, with three option questions at the end of Section B covering different topic areas.
PH01试卷为2小时笔试，满分80分，占国际AS资格的50%。试卷分为两部分：A部分包含40分的选择题，B部分包含40分的结构化及扩展回答题。2023年6月的试卷完全遵循这一结构，B部分末尾有三道涵盖不同主题领域的选择题。
The mark scheme uses a hierarchical system: each question carries a specific mark allocation, with marks typically broken down into 1-mark steps to allow partial credit. In Section A, each multiple-choice question is worth exactly 1 mark, and these questions test recall, application, and data interpretation skills in roughly equal proportions.
评分标准采用分层体系：每道题带有特定的分数分配，分数通常细分为1分步骤以允许部分得分。在A部分，每道选择题恰好1分，这些题目在记忆、应用和数据分析技能方面的考查比例大致相当。
For Section B questions, marks are often distributed across several physics skills: selecting the correct formula (1 mark), substituting values correctly (1 mark), determining the numerical answer (1 mark), and stating the correct unit (1 mark). Understanding this pattern is crucial for students who may lose marks on process rather than conceptual errors.
对于B部分的题目，分数通常分布在多种物理技能上：选择正确公式（1分）、正确代入数值（1分）、得出数值答案（1分）以及写出正确单位（1分）。理解这一规律对于学生至关重要，因为他们可能因过程错误而非概念错误而失分。
2. Mechanics: Kinematics Equations | 力学：运动学方程
The mechanics section of the June 2023 PH01 paper heavily tested the SUVAT equations of motion. The mark scheme rewards students for clearly stating the equation used before substitution, even if arithmetic errors occur. For example, a question involving a projectile launched vertically upward might award marks as follows: identifying initial velocity u = 15 m s⁻¹ (1), selecting the appropriate kinematic equation (1), substituting values correctly (1), and obtaining the final answer with units (1).
2023年6月PH01试卷的力学部分大量考查了SUVAT运动学方程。评分标准鼓励学生在代入前明确写出所用方程，即使发生算术错误也能获得分数。例如，涉及垂直上抛物体的题目可能如下分配分数：确定初速度u = 15 m s⁻¹（1分）、选择适当的运动学方程（1分）、正确代入数值（1分）以及带单位得出最终答案（1分）。
One particularly notable question involved the motion of a ball thrown with an initial velocity of 12 m s⁻¹ at 35° to the horizontal. Students were required to resolve the initial velocity into horizontal and vertical components using vₓ = v cos θ and vᵧ = v sin θ. The mark scheme explicitly stated that components must be resolved separately, and marks were given for recognising that the horizontal component remains constant while the vertical component changes under gravitational acceleration.
一道特别值得关注的题目涉及以12 m s⁻¹初速度、与水平方向成35°角抛出的球。学生需要使用vₓ = v cos θ和vᵧ = v sin θ将初速度分解为水平和垂直分量。评分标准明确指出必须分别分解分量，并且对认识到水平分量保持不变而垂直分量在重力加速度下变化的学生给予分数。
The graph interpretation question required students to sketch a velocity-time graph and calculate distance travelled from the area under the graph. Examiners accepted alternative methods such as calculating distance separately for each stage of the motion, provided the final answer was consistent. The mark scheme noted that full marks were available even without a perfectly drawn graph, as long as key features such as gradients and intercepts were correctly identified.
图形解读题要求学生绘制速度-时间图并从图下面积计算行驶距离。考官接受替代方法，例如分别计算运动各阶段的距离，只要最终答案一致。评分标准指出，即使图形绘制不够完美，只要正确识别了斜率和截距等关键特征，仍可获得满分。
3. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
The forces portion of the mark scheme emphasised the importance of free-body diagrams. A typical question showed a block of mass 4 kg on a rough horizontal surface being pulled by a force of 30 N at 25° to the horizontal. The mark scheme awarded one mark for drawing arrows representing weight, normal reaction, friction, and the applied force, with a further mark for correctly resolving the applied force into components.
评分标准中的力学部分强调了受力分析图的重要性。一道典型题目展示质量为4 kg的物块在粗糙水平面上受到30 N、与水平方向成25°角的外力拉动。评分标准为画出表示重力、法向反力、摩擦力和外力的箭头各给1分，正确将外力分解为分量再给额外1分。
The mark scheme explicitly highlighted the common error of ignoring friction direction: many candidates drew friction in the direction of motion rather than opposing it. Examiners stated that marks were deducted for such errors because it demonstrates a fundamental misunderstanding of Newton’s third law. In the June 2023 paper, a calculation using F = ma with a net force of 27.2 N produced an acceleration of 6.8 m s⁻², requiring candidates to first subtract the frictional force from the horizontal component of the applied force.
评分标准明确指出了忽略摩擦力方向的常见错误：许多考生繪制的摩擦力方向与运动方向相同而非相反。考官表示此类错误会被扣分，因为它反映了对牛顿第三定律的根本误解。在2023年6月的试卷中，使用F = ma、净力为27.2 N的题目得出加速度6.8 m s⁻²，要求考生先从外力的水平分量中减去摩擦力。
For the dynamics questions, the mark scheme demonstrated a clear tolerance for intermediate rounding error. If a candidate rounded the horizontal component to 27 N instead of 27.2 N, they could still earn full credit for the subsequent calculation, provided their method was transparent. This highlights the importance of showing all working steps rather than relying on calculator memory.
对于动力学题目，评分标准显示出对中间舍入误差的明确宽容。如果考生将水平分量四舍五入为27 N而非27.2 N，只要解题过程透明，随后的计算仍可获得满分。这凸显了展示所有解题步骤而非依赖计算器记忆的重要性。
4. Materials: Stress and Strain | 材料：应力与应变
The materials section of PH01 June 2023 examined the stress-strain relationship with a specific focus on calculating Young’s modulus. A standard question provided a steel wire of original length 2.5 m and diameter 0.5 mm, stretched by a force of 200 N. The mark scheme structured marks as: calculating cross-sectional area using A = πd²/4 (1), converting units appropriately (1), calculating stress using σ = F/A (1), calculating strain using ε = ΔL/L (1), and finally determining Young’s modulus from E = σ/ε (1).
PH01 2023年6月试卷的材料部分考查了应力-应变关系，特别关注杨氏模量的计算。一道标准题目提供了原始长度2.5 m、直径0.5 mm的钢丝受200 N拉力拉伸。评分标准将分数结构化为：使用A = πd²/4计算横截面积（1分）、适当转换单位（1分）、使用σ = F/A计算应力（1分）、使用ε = ΔL/L计算应变（1分）以及最终通过E = σ/ε确定杨氏模量（1分）。
A distinctive feature of the June 2023 mark scheme was its emphasis on unit consistency. Candidates who used millimetres without converting to metres in the area calculation received no credit for that step, as it produced an answer that was incorrect by a factor of 10⁶. However, the mark scheme allowed error carried forward, so candidates making a unit error in the area calculation could still earn marks for correctly applying the subsequent equations.
2023年6月评分标准的一个显著特点是对单位一致性的强调。在面积计算中使用毫米而不转换为米的考生在该步骤无法得分，因为答案会产生10⁶倍的误差。然而，评分标准允许错误延续，因此面积计算出现单位错误的考生仍可在正确应用后续方程时获得分数。
The stress-strain graph question required candidates to identify the elastic limit, yield point, and ultimate tensile strength on a provided graph. The mark scheme specified that these points should be clearly marked on the graph itself with appropriate labels, not merely described in words. Candidates also needed to explain that the area under the stress-strain curve represents the strain energy per unit volume, a concept that tests deeper understanding of material deformation.
应力-应变图题目要求考生在提供的图表上标出弹性极限、屈服点和极限抗拉强度。评分标准规定这些点应在图上明确标注并附上适当标签，而非仅用文字描述。考生还需解释应力-应变曲线下面积代表单位体积的应变能，这一概念考查了对材料变形的更深层次理解。
5. Waves: Superposition and Interference | 波动：叠加与干涉
In the waves section, the June 2023 mark scheme focused heavily on the principles of superposition and the conditions required for observable interference. A typical question used Young’s double-slit experiment with a laser of wavelength 632.8 nm. The mark scheme required candidates to state the fringe spacing formula w = λD/s before providing numerical values, with marks allocated for correctly identifying the slit separation s and the distance D to the screen.
在波动部分，2023年6月的评分标准重点考查了叠加原理和可观察干涉所需条件。一道典型题目使用波长632.8 nm的激光进行杨氏双缝实验。评分标准要求考生在提供数值前先写出条纹间距公式w = λD/s，并为正确识别缝间距s和到屏幕的距离D分配了分数。
The mark scheme emphasised that candidates must specify that both slits act as coherent sources when explaining interference patterns. A common error penalised in the mark scheme was describing the pattern without mentioning the requirement for coherent waves: sources must have a constant phase difference. Examiners noted this was the single most frequently omitted condition in candidate responses.
评分标准强调，在解释干涉图样时，考生必须说明两个狭缝作为相干光源。评分标准中惩罚的一个常见错误是描述图样时未提及相干波的要求：光源必须具有恒定的相位差。考官指出这是考生回答中最常见遗漏的条件。
For the stationary wave question, the mark scheme tested understanding of nodes and antinodes. Candidates were given a string of length 60 cm vibrating in its third harmonic and asked to determine the wavelength. The mark scheme demonstrated the solution: wavelength λ = 2L/n = 2 × 0.60/3 = 0.40 m. Marks were awarded for recognising that the third harmonic corresponds to three half-wavelengths fitting along the string length.
对于驻波题目，评分标准考查了对波节和波腹的理解。考生获得一根长度60 cm的音弦以其三次谐波振动，需要确定波长。评分标准展示了解决方案：波长λ = 2L/n = 2 × 0.60/3 = 0.40 m。分数授予那些认识到三次谐波对应三个半波长沿弦长分布的考生。
6. Practical Skills: Required Experiments | 实验技能：必做实验
The June 2023 mark scheme revealed that practical-based questions form a significant portion of the exam, approximately 15% of the total marks. One key experiment tested was the determination of the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum. The mark scheme specified marks for measuring the pendulum length from the pivot to the centre of the bob, timing multiple oscillations to reduce uncertainty, and repeating measurements to calculate a mean.
2023年6月的评分标准显示，基于实验的题目占据考试的重要比例，约占总分的15%。其中考查的一个关键实验是使用单摆测定重力加速度。评分标准明确了从枢轴到摆锤中心的长度测量、多次计时振荡以减少不确定性以及重复测量计算平均值的得分点。
For the Young’s modulus experiment, the mark scheme required candidates to describe how they would use a micrometer screw gauge to measure wire diameter at several points along the wire and calculate a mean. A mark was specifically allocated for explaining why measuring at multiple points improves accuracy: wires are not perfectly uniform in diameter, so a single measurement may not be representative.
对于杨氏模量实验，评分标准要求考生描述如何使用千分尺在钢丝的多个位置测量直径并计算平均值。特别分配了1分用于解释为什么多点测量提高精度：钢丝的直径并非完全均匀，单次测量可能不具代表性。
The electrical resistivity experiment required candidates to plot a graph of resistance against length and use the gradient to determine resistivity. The mark scheme stated that the line of best fit should be drawn as a single straight line, with points equally distributed above and below it. Marks were awarded for identifying that resistivity can be calculated from the product of gradient and cross-sectional area.
电阻率实验要求考生绘制电阻对长度的图像并使用斜率确定电阻率。评分标准指出最佳拟合线应为一条直线，各点均匀分布在线的两侧。识别出电阻率可通过斜率与横截面积的乘积计算的考生获得相应分数。
7. Data Analysis and Graphing Skills | 数据分析与作图技能
The mark scheme for data analysis questions in June 2023 consistently awarded marks for correct calculation of gradients, accurate reading of intercepts, and appropriate use of significant figures. For a graph of force against extension, candidates were expected to calculate the gradient using two widely separated points on the line of best fit rather than using data points directly. The mark scheme specified that using points on the line rather than raw data points demonstrates proper consideration of experimental scatter.
2023年6月评分标准中，数据分析题一贯奖励正确计算斜率、准确读取截距以及恰当使用有效数字的考生。对于力-伸长量图，考生应使用最佳拟合线上相距较远的两点计算斜率，而非直接使用数据点。评分标准规定，使用线上的点而非原始数据点表明考生正确考虑了实验数据的离散性。
Significant figures were a recurring theme in the mark scheme. A calculation that produced the value 9.81 m s⁻² was expected to be quoted to at least three significant figures, matching the precision of the given data. Quoting the answer as 9.8 m s⁻² was accepted, but answers given to only one significant figure lost the final mark, as this demonstrated a failure to match the precision of the experimental data.
有效数字是评分标准中反复出现的主题。计算结果为9.81 m s⁻²的题目期望至少引用三位有效数字，与给定数据的精度匹配。引用9.8 m s⁻²可以接受，但仅保留一位有效数字的答案会失去最终分数，因为这表明未能与实验数据的精度匹配。
Uncertainty analysis was tested through a question requiring candidates to calculate the percentage uncertainty in a measurement of diameter made with a vernier calliper having a resolution of 0.01 mm. The mark scheme required the uncertainty to be expressed as half the resolution, giving ±0.005 mm. Candidates who used the full resolution as the uncertainty were marked incorrect, showing the importance of understanding the concept of uncertainty in measurement instruments.
不确定度分析通过一道题目考查：使用分辨率为0.01 mm的游标卡尺测量直径，要求计算百分不确定度。评分标准要求不确定度表示为分辨率的一半，即±0.005 mm。使用分辨率作为完整不确定度的考生被判为错误，显示了理解测量仪器不确定度概念的重要性。
8. Mark Scheme Strategies for Success | 成功应试的评分策略
Analysis of the June 2023 PH01 mark scheme reveals several clear strategies that can significantly improve student performance. First, the show your working principle applies universally: even when the final answer is correct, marks for individual steps may be lost if intermediate calculations are not shown. Conversely, when the final answer is incorrect, candidates who have shown their method can still earn the majority of available marks through error carried forward.
对2023年6月PH01评分标准的分析揭示了几个能显著提高学生表现的明确策略。首先，展示解题过程的原理普遍适用：即使最终答案正确，如果没有展示中间计算步骤，单个步骤的分数可能会丢失。相反，当最终答案错误时，展示了方法的考生仍可通过错误延续获得大部分可用分数。
Second, the mark scheme rewards the explicit statement of units at every stage, not just in the final answer. For example, when calculating cross-sectional area of a wire, writing A = π × (0.0005)²/4 = 1.96 × 10⁻⁷ m² earns clearly more marks than writing A = π × (0.0005)²/4 = 1.96 × 10⁻⁷. Though seemingly minor, unit notation demonstrates dimensional awareness that examiners actively look for in extended-response questions.
其次，评分标准奖励在每一阶段明确写出单位，而不仅是在最终答案中。例如，计算钢丝横截面积时，写A = π × (0.0005)²/4 = 1.96 × 10⁻⁷ m²显然比写A = π × (0.0005)²/4 = 1.96 × 10⁻⁷获得更多分数。虽然看似微小，但单位记法展示了考官在扩展回答题中积极寻找的量纲意识。
Third, the mark scheme consistently awarded credit for diagram-based answers in questions about experimental setups. In the June 2023 paper, a question about measuring the specific heat capacity of a metal block required candidates to draw a labelled diagram showing the immersion heater, thermometer, and insulation. The mark scheme awarded marks for three specified features: correct placement of the thermometer in the block, complete insulation around the block, and the heater fully immersed within the material.
第三，评分标准一贯对涉及实验装置的图示答案给予分数。在2023年6月的试卷中，关于测量金属块比热容的题目要求考生绘制标注图，展示浸入式加热器、温度计和绝热层。评分标准为三个指定特征分配了分数：温度计正确放置在金属块内、金属块完全绝热以及加热器完全浸入材料中。
9. Mark Distribution and Weighting | 分数分布与权重
The June 2023 mark scheme allows us to map the overall distribution of marks across topic areas. Mechanics accounted for approximately 35% of the total marks, with kinematics equations being the single most heavily tested sub-topic. Materials and waves each contributed approximately 20%, while the remaining 25% was distributed across experimental design, data analysis, and problem-solving questions that integrated concepts from multiple topic areas.
2023年6月的评分标准使我们能够绘制各主题领域的总体分数分布图。力学约占总分的35%，其中运动学方程是考查最密集的子主题。材料和波动各占约20%，其余25%分布在与多个主题领域概念整合的实验设计、数据分析和问题解决题目中。
Analysis of Assessment Objectives shows that AO1 (knowledge and understanding) contributed approximately 30% of marks, AO2 (application of knowledge) contributed 45%, and AO3 (analysis and evaluation) contributed 25%. This distribution confirms that PH01 is not primarily a memory test; instead, it rewards students who can apply their knowledge to unfamiliar scenarios and critically analyse experimental data.
对评价目标的分析显示，AO1（知识与理解）约占30%的分数，AO2（知识应用）占45%，AO3（分析与评价）占25%。这一分布证实PH01并非主要考查记忆；相反，它奖励那些能将知识应用于陌生情境并批判性分析实验数据的学生。
For the extended-response questions at the end of Section B, marks were allocated using a level of response model. The mark scheme described three levels: Level 1 (1-2 marks) for basic statements demonstrating limited understanding, Level 2 (3-4 marks) for clear explanations with some relevant detail, and Level 3 (5-6 marks) for comprehensive answers with logical structure and full scientific accuracy. These questions typically ask students to evaluate a hypothesis or compare methods, requiring essay-style responses.
对于B部分末尾的扩展回答题，分数采用分层响应模型分配。评分标准描述了三个层级：第1级（1-2分）为展示有限理解的基本陈述，第2级（3-4分）为带有一定相关细节的清晰解释，第3级（5-6分）为具有逻辑结构和完整科学准确性的全面回答。这些题目通常要求学生评估假设或比较方法，需要论文式的回答。
10. Common Errors Identified in the Mark Scheme | 评分标准中识别的常见错误
The June 2023 mark scheme contained explicit examiner comments highlighting frequent candidate errors. One pervasive error was the confusion between mass and weight, particularly in questions involving gravitational force calculations. Candidates who substituted 4 kg directly into F = mg without converting to weight in newtons lost marks. The mark scheme specifically stated: mass in kilograms multiplied by gravitational field strength in N kg⁻¹ yields weight in newtons; candidates should not state weight in kilograms.
2023年6月的评分标准包含考官对常见考生错误的明确评论。一个普遍的错误是混淆质量和重量，特别是在涉及重力计算的题目中。直接将4 kg代入F = mg而未转换为以牛顿为单位的重量的考生会失分。评分标准明确指出：质量以千克为单位乘以重力场强度（单位N kg⁻¹）得出重量（单位N）；考生不应以千克为单位表述重量。
Another frequently penalised error involved the direction of vector quantities. In the waves section, several candidates described the particle displacement in a transverse wave as being in the direction of wave propagation rather than perpendicular to it. The mark scheme allocated a specific mark for describing the oscillation direction, and candidates giving the incorrect direction received zero marks for that descriptor.
另一个经常被扣分的错误涉及矢量量的方向。在波动部分，一些考生描述横波中的质点位移方向为沿波的传播方向而非垂直于传播方向。评分标准为描述振动方向分配了特定分数，给出错误方向的考生在该描述项上得零分。
The examiners also noted that unit conversion errors were particularly prevalent in the electricity and materials sections. Common mistakes included confusing millimetres with metres, grams with kilograms, and milliamps with amps. The mark scheme stressed that candidates should write down all conversions explicitly using standard form. For example, 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10⁻³ m = 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ m, not 0.0005 m without supporting calculation.
考官还注意到，单位换算错误在电学和材料部分特别普遍。常见错误包括混淆毫米与米、克与千克以及毫安与安培。评分标准强调考生应使用标准形式明确写出所有换算。例如，0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10⁻³ m = 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ m，而非无辅助计算的0.0005 m。
11. Revision Priorities Based on Mark Scheme Analysis | 基于评分标准分析的复习优先级
Based on the mark scheme patterns from June 2023, students should prioritise certain topics and skills in their revision. The mechanics topic, particularly projectile motion and Newton’s laws, merits the greatest time investment due to its 35% mark share. Students should practice resolving vectors into components and applying SUVAT equations to two-dimensional motion problems, as these skills appear across multiple question formats.
根据2023年6月评分标准的规律，学生在复习中应优先关注某些主题和技能。力学主题，特别是抛体运动和牛顿定律，因其35%的分数占比值得投入最多时间。学生应练习将矢量分解为分量并将SUVAT方程应用于二维运动问题，因为这些技能在多种题型中反复出现。
Graphical interpretation skills deserve dedicated practice, given the 25% weighting of AO3 analysis marks. Students should become proficient at calculating gradients of straight-line graphs, determining intercepts, and converting between different graphical representations of the same physical phenomenon. Practising past paper data analysis questions and comparing responses with the mark schemes is particularly effective for improving in this area.
鉴于AO3分析分数占25%的权重，图形解读技能值得专门练习。学生应熟练掌握直线图斜率的计算、截距的确定以及同一物理现象不同图形表示之间的转换。练习往年试卷的数据分析题并将答案与评分标准对比，是提高这一领域能力的特别有效方法。
The mark scheme also highlighted the importance of definitions and precise terminology. Every year, marks are awarded for the exact wording of definitions such as Young’s modulus, the principle of conservation of momentum, and the condition for simple harmonic motion. Students should memorise these key definitions verbatim and practise writing them from memory, as examiners apply strict criteria when judging whether a definition is complete and scientifically correct.
评分标准还强调了定义和精确术语的重要性。每年都有分数授予杨氏模量、动量守恒原理和简谐运动条件等定义的准确措辞。学生应逐字记忆这些关键定义并练习凭记忆书写，因为考官在判断定义是否完整和科学正确时应用严格标准。
12. Conclusion and Final Recommendations | 结论与最终建议
The OxfordAQA PH01 June 2023 mark scheme provides invaluable guidance for future examination success. The paper rewards logical problem-solving approaches, explicit methodology, and careful attention to units and significant figures. Students who show their working at every stage, draw clear labelled diagrams when appropriate, and maintain consistent unit notation throughout their calculations will consistently outperform those who focus only on obtaining the correct final answer.
牛津AQA PH01 2023年6月评分标准为未来的考试成功提供了宝贵的指导。试卷奖励逻辑清晰的问题解决方法、明确的方法论以及对单位和有效数字的仔细关注。在每一阶段展示解题过程、在适当时绘制清晰的标注图并在计算中保持单位记法一致性的学生，将持续超越那些只关注获得正确最终答案的学生。
Most importantly, the mark scheme reveals that PH01 is an application-focused examination rather than a pure recall test. Students must develop the ability to transfer their knowledge to unfamiliar contexts, analyse data with appropriate statistical care, and communicate their reasoning using precise scientific language. Regular timed practice with past papers, followed by detailed self-assessment against official mark schemes, remains the most effective preparation strategy.
最重要的是，评分标准揭示PH01是一门以应用为核心的考试而非纯记忆测试。学生必须培养将知识迁移到陌生情境的能力，以适当的统计严谨性分析数据，并使用精确的科学语言沟通他们的推理过程。定期限时练习往年试卷，随后对照官方评分标准进行详细的自我评估，仍然是最有效的备考策略。
Within the mark scheme pattern observed, a student who systematically answers all parts of every question, even when unsure of the final answer, will accumulate significant marks. The examiner comments throughout the June 2023 mark scheme repeat this advice: attempt every question, show every step, write every unit, and trust the error carried forward principle to preserve marks for correct methodology.
在观察到的评分标准模式中，系统回答每道题所有部分的考生，即使对最终答案不确定，也能积累大量分数。2023年6月评分标准中贯穿的考官评论重复了这一建议：尝试回答每道题、展示每个步骤、写下每个单位，并信任错误延续原则以保留正确方法论的分数。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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