Stakeholder Analysis for A-Level Business | A-Level 商科：利益相关者分析与备考

📚 Stakeholder Analysis for A-Level Business | A-Level 商科：利益相关者分析与备考

In A-Level Business, the concept of stakeholders is central to understanding how a business interacts with the people and groups around it. Stakeholder analysis is the process of identifying these groups, understanding their interests, assessing their power, and developing strategies to manage relationships with them. For CIE exam candidates, mastering this topic is essential because questions on stakeholders frequently appear in Data Response and Essay sections, often testing both knowledge and evaluation skills.

在A-Level商科中，利益相关者概念是理解企业如何与周围个人和群体互动的核心。利益相关者分析是识别这些群体、理解其利益、评估其权力并制定关系管理策略的过程。对于CIE考生来说，掌握这一主题至关重要，因为有关利益相关者的题目经常出现在数据响应题和论文题中，既考查知识也考查评估能力。

1. What Are Stakeholders? | 什么是利益相关者？

A stakeholder is any individual or group with an interest in the actions and performance of a business. This definition is broader than ‘shareholder’ or ‘owner’, because stakeholders exist both inside and outside the organisation. Stakeholders may be affected by business decisions, or they may affect the business through their own actions.

利益相关者是对企业的行为和绩效拥有利益关系的任何个人或群体。这个定义比”股东”或”所有者”更广，因为利益相关者既存在于组织内部也存在于组织外部。利益相关者可能受到企业决策的影响，也可能通过自身行动影响企业。

The stakeholder concept challenges the traditional view that a business exists only to maximise profits for shareholders. Instead, it suggests that a business has responsibilities towards all groups who have a ‘stake’ in its operations. In CIE A-Level Business, you are expected to recognise that a firm’s long-term success depends on balancing competing stakeholder claims.

利益相关者概念挑战了传统上认为企业仅为股东利润最大化而存在的观点。相反，它表明企业对其运营中拥有”利害关系”的所有群体都负有责任。在CIE A-Level商科中，你需要认识到企业的长期成功取决于如何平衡相互竞争的利益相关者诉求。

2. Types of Stakeholders | 利益相关者的类型

Stakeholders are commonly divided into internal and external categories. Internal stakeholders work within the business and include employees, managers, directors, and owners who are active in the business. External stakeholders are outside the organisation, including customers, suppliers, creditors, government agencies, local communities, and pressure groups.

利益相关者通常分为内部和外部两类。内部利益相关者为企业内部工作，包括员工、经理、董事和参与经营的股东。外部利益相关者位于组织外部，包括客户、供应商、债权人、政府机构、当地社区和压力团体。

Some textbooks divide stakeholders into ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ groups. Primary stakeholders are essential for the survival of the business, such as employees and customers. Secondary stakeholders can influence the business but are not vital for its daily existence, such as the media or trade unions. This classification helps students to prioritise stakeholder needs in case studies.

一些教材将利益相关者分为”主要”和”次要”两类。主要利益相关者对企业的生存至关重要，如员工和客户。次要利益相关者可以影响企业，但对企业的日常存在并非必须，如媒体或工会。这种分类有助于学生在案例分析中对利益相关者需求进行排序。

• Internal: owners, managers, employees, directors | 内部：所有者、经理、员工、董事
• External: customers, suppliers, creditors, government, community, pressure groups | 外部：客户、供应商、债权人、政府、社区、压力团体

3. Internal Stakeholders | 内部利益相关者

Employees are the largest internal stakeholder group. They are interested in fair wages, job security, good working conditions, and opportunities for promotion. When employees are treated well, motivation and productivity tend to increase, which often improves the quality of products and customer service.

员工是数量最大的内部利益相关者群体。他们关心公平的薪资、工作保障、良好的工作条件以及晋升机会。当员工受到良好对待时，积极性和生产率往往提高，这通常会改善产品质量和客户服务。

Managers have a dual role: they are stakeholders in their own right, seeking higher salaries, status, and career progression, and they also act as agents who must reconcile the interests of shareholders, employees, and other groups. Directors are accountable to shareholders for the strategic direction and financial performance of the business.

经理具有双重角色：他们本身是利益相关者，追求更高的薪水、地位和职业发展；同时他们又是受托人，必须协调股东、员工和其他群体的利益。董事则对股东负责，确定战略方向并承担财务绩效责任。

Shareholders and owners are internal stakeholders only when they take an active role in management. They seek capital growth and dividends, but owner-managers in small firms may also value independence and job satisfaction, not just profit. For large public companies, shareholders are often external in practice, because they do not participate in daily operations.

股东和所有者只有在参与经营管理时才属于内部利益相关者。他们追求资本增值和股息，但小企业中的所有者-经营者可能还重视独立性和工作满意度，而不仅仅是利润。对于大型上市公司，股东在实践中往往是外部利益相关者，因为他们不参与日常运营。

4. External Stakeholders | 外部利益相关者

Customers are interested in high-quality products at reasonable prices, alongside good after-sales service. Their loyalty determines revenue, so businesses must monitor customer satisfaction and respond to changing preferences. A strong customer base gives the business pricing power and stability.

客户追求合理价格下的高质量产品，以及良好的售后服务。他们的忠诚度决定收入，因此企业必须监测客户满意度并响应不断变化的偏好。牢固的客户基础能赋予企业定价权和稳定性。

Suppliers want stable, repeated orders and prompt payment. Strong supplier relationships ensure reliable delivery and can lead to better credit terms. Conversely, paying suppliers late or constantly switching suppliers damages the business’s reputation and may disrupt the supply chain.

供应商希望获得稳定、重复的订单和及时付款。牢固的供应商关系可确保可靠交货，并带来更优的信用条件。相反，拖延供应商付款或频繁更换供应商会损害企业声誉，并可能破坏供应链。

Banks and creditors provide finance and therefore care about liquidity and solvency. Government collects tax and enforces laws, so it has an interest in compliance, employment creation, and economic contribution. Local communities and pressure groups care about environmental protection, noise, congestion, and the ethical behaviour of the business.

银行和债权人提供融资，因此关注企业的流动性和偿债能力。政府征收税收并执行法律，因此关注合规、创造就业和经济贡献。当地社区和压力团体关注环境保护、噪音、拥堵以及企业的道德行为。

5. Mendelow’s Stakeholder Matrix | 门德洛利益相关者矩阵

One of the most important tools in stakeholder analysis is Mendelow’s matrix, which classifies stakeholders according to two criteria: power and interest. Power is the extent to which a stakeholder can influence the strategies and decisions of the business. Interest is the degree to which a stakeholder cares about the business and its outcomes.

利益相关者分析中最重要的工具之一是门德洛矩阵，它根据两个标准对利益相关者分类：权力和兴趣。权力是指利益相关者能在多大程度上影响企业的战略和决策。兴趣是指

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