📚 Wave Phenomena: Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction and Interference | 波的反射、折射、衍射与干涉现象解析
Waves transfer energy and information without transferring matter. Understanding how waves behave when they encounter obstacles and boundaries is fundamental to physics and explains phenomena from echoes to rainbows.
波传递能量和信息，而不传递物质。理解波在遇到障碍物和边界时的行为是物理学的基础，它可以解释从回声到彩虹等现象。
1. Wavefronts and Rays | 波前与射线
A wavefront is a surface over which the wave has a constant phase. Rays are lines drawn perpendicular to wavefronts, indicating the direction of energy propagation. For a plane wave, wavefronts are parallel planes; for a spherical wave, they are concentric spheres.
波前是波相位恒定的面。射线是垂直于波前、表示能量传播方向的线。对于平面波，波前是平行平面；对于球面波，波前是同心球面。
In geometric optics, light is represented by rays, but wavefronts are more general because they explain diffraction and interference. Wavefronts also help us apply Huygens’ principle to construct new wavefronts.
在几何光学中，光用射线表示，但波前更一般化
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