A-Level Edexcel Biology: Last-Minute Revision Notes | A-Level Edexcel 生物：考前冲刺笔记

📚 A-Level Edexcel Biology: Last-Minute Revision Notes | A-Level Edexcel 生物：考前冲刺笔记

Welcome to your concise, last-minute revision notes for Edexcel A-Level Biology. These notes highlight essential concepts, keywords, and equations you need to know for the exam. Use them to refresh your memory and build confidence.

欢迎阅读您的Edexcel A-Level生物考前简明冲刺笔记。这些笔记突出了您需要掌握的重要概念、关键词和方程式，帮助您快速回顾并增强信心。

1. Biological Molecules | 生物分子

Monomers are small repeating units that form polymers through condensation reactions, which release a water molecule. The reverse process, hydrolysis, adds water to break polymers into monomers.

单体是重复的小单位，通过缩合反应形成多聚体，并释放一分子水。逆转过程水解加水将多聚体分解成单体。

Carbohydrates consist of monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) joined by glycosidic bonds. Disaccharides such as maltose and sucrose are formed by condensation of two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of glucose units.

碳水化合物由单糖（如葡萄糖）通过糖苷键连接而成。双糖如麦芽糖和蔗糖由两个单糖缩合形成。多糖如淀粉、糖原和纤维素是葡萄糖单元的多聚体。

Starch (amylose and amylopectin) is a storage polysaccharide in plants, while glycogen serves the same role in animals. Cellulose, with β-1,4 glycosidic bonds, provides structural support in plant cell walls due to its straight, unbranched chains forming microfibrils.

淀粉（直链淀粉和支链淀粉）是植物中的储存多糖，而糖原在动物中起相同作用。纤维素具有β-1,4糖苷键，其直链无分支的结构形成微纤维，为植物细胞壁提供结构支撑。

Triglycerides are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids, joined by ester bonds. They are energy-storage molecules, hydrophobic, and less dense than water. Phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group, making them amphipathic and ideal for cell membranes.

甘油三酯由一个甘油和三个脂肪酸通过酯键连接而成。它们是能量储存分子，疏水且密度小于水。磷脂含有两个脂肪酸和一个磷酸基团，具有两亲性，是构成细胞膜的理想分子。

Cholesterol is a lipid that fits between phospholipids in animal cell membranes, regulating fluidity and stability.

胆固醇是一种脂质，插入到动物细胞膜的磷脂分子之间，调节膜的流动性和稳定性。

Amino acids are the monomers of proteins

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