GCSE AQA English: Formula Handbook | GCSE AQA 英语：公式汇总手册

📚 GCSE AQA English: Formula Handbook | GCSE AQA 英语：公式汇总手册

This handbook compiles the essential writing and analysis ‘formulas’ that underpin success in the AQA GCSE English Language and Literature exams. These structural frameworks are memory-friendly patterns designed to help you craft sharp analytical paragraphs, compelling narratives, and persuasive arguments under timed conditions. Mastering them will transform the way you approach any question, giving you confidence and clarity.

本手册汇集了在 AQA GCSE 英语语言与文学考试中取得佳绩所必需的核心写作与分析“公式”。这些结构框架都是便于记忆的模版，旨在帮助你在限时条件下写出犀利深刻的分析段落、引人入胜的叙事以及富有说服力的议论文。掌握这些公式将彻底改变你的答题方式，让你充满信心、思路清晰。

1. The PEE / PEA Formula | PEE / PEA 公式

PEE (Point, Evidence, Explanation) or PEA (Point, Evidence, Analysis) is the building block of all analytical paragraphs. It ensures every point you make is anchored in the text and developed fully.

PEE（观点、证据、解释）或 PEA（观点、证据、分析）是所有分析性段落的基础构件。它能确保你提出的每个观点都紧扣文本，并得到充分展开。

Start with a precise Point that answers the question. Then embed a short, well-chosen quotation or close reference as Evidence. Finally, Explain or Analyse how the writer’s choices create meanings and effects, exploring individual words and connotations.

首先用一句精准的“观点”直接回答问题。接着插入精心选取的简短引文或文本细节作为“证据”。最后，“解释”或“分析”作者的写作选择如何创造意义和效果，深入挖掘个别词语及其内涵。

Point: Dickens presents Scrooge as a miserly outcast.
Evidence: He is described as ‘solitary as an oyster’.
Analysis: The simile ‘as an oyster’ suggests a tough, closed exterior that seals him off from human warmth, yet the hidden pearl inside hints at potential for transformation.

观点： 狄更斯将斯克掳奇刻画成一个吝啬的局外人。
证据： 他被形容为“像牡蛎一样孤独”。
分析： 明喻“像牡蛎一样”暗示了一个粗糙封闭的外壳，将他与人间的温暖隔绝开来，但牡蛎内藏的珍珠又暗含着转变的可能。

2. The PETAL / PETER Formula | PETAL / PETER 公式

PETAL (Point, Evidence, Technique, Analysis, Link) extends PEE by adding an explicit focus on the writer’s methods and a link back to the question or wider context. PETER uses ‘Reader response’ instead of Analysis, or you can combine them.

PETAL（观点、证据、技巧、分析、链接）在 PEE 基础上增加了对作者手法的明确关注，并要求回链到问题或更广泛的语境。PETER 则用“读者反应”代替分析，也可将两者结合。

After your Evidence, identify the Technique (metaphor, juxtaposition, declarative sentence, etc.). When you Link, explain how the paragraph’s point develops the overall argument or connects to another part of the text.

在证据之后，明确“技巧”（隐喻、对比、陈述句等）。“链接”时要解释本段观点如何推进整体论点，或如何与文本其他部分建立联系。

In a character essay: ‘This vulnerability humanises Scrooge, linking to the theme of redemption that runs through the novella.’

在人物分析文章中：“这一脆弱之处让斯克掳奇更有人性，链接到贯穿整部中篇小说的‘救赎’主题。”

3. The What-How-Why Formula for Language Analysis | 语言分析的 What-How-Why 公式

This streamlined structure is perfect for AQA English Language Paper 1 Q2 and Paper 2 Q3, where you analyse language in a short extract.

这个精简的结构非常适合 AQA 英语语言试卷一第2题和试卷二第3题，这类题目要求分析一个短篇摘录中的语言。

What? Identify what the writer is doing (e.g. describing a threatening setting). How? Pinpoint the technique and precise words used. Why? Explore the effect on the reader and the ideas created, always using embedded quotations.

是什么？ 指出作者在做什么（如描绘一个令人恐惧的场景）。如何做？ 指出所用的技巧和精确的措辞。为什么？ 探讨对读者产生的效果以及所营造的意蕴，整个过程都应内嵌引文。

Example sentence: The writer uses the simile ‘like a savage beast’ to make the storm seem unpredictable and primitive, forcing the reader to share the narrator’s fear.

示例句子：作者使用了明喻“像一头野蛮的野兽”，使得暴风雨显得难以预测而原始，迫使读者感受到叙述者的恐惧。

4. AFOREST for Persuasive Writing | 说服性写作的 AFOREST 公式

AFOREST is a mnemonic checklist for persuasive and argumentative writing, essential for AQA Language Paper 2 Q5 (writing to present a viewpoint).

AFOREST 是一个说服性和议论文写作的记忆清单，对 AQA 英语语言试卷二第5题（表达观点的写作）至关重要。

Letter	Technique	Example
A	Alliteration / Anecdote	‘Furious, frantic families…’
F	Facts / Figures	‘Over 60% of teenagers report…’
O	Opinions	‘It is an undeniable outrage.’
R	Rhetorical questions / Repetition	‘How long must we wait?’
E	Emotive language / Expert opinion	‘Heartbreaking neglect’
S	Statistics	‘Only 12% of funding reaches…’
T	Triples (rule of three)	‘It ruins health, hope and happiness.’

Tick off these techniques as you plan your speech, letter or article. You do not need every single one, but using four or five will lift your mark significantly.

规划演讲稿、信件或文章时，请逐一勾选这些技巧。你不需要用上全部，但使用四到五种就会显著提升分数。

5. DROPSHIFT for Narrative Openings | 叙事开头的 DROPSHIFT 公式

For creative writing in Language Paper 1 Q5, an engaging opening is crucial. DROPSHIFT reminds you of effective ways to hook the reader instantly.

在试卷一第5题的创意写作中，引人入胜的开头至关重要。DROPSHIFT 提醒你有哪些有效方式可以立刻抓住读者。

Dialogue – ‘I told you not to open that door.’
Riddle/Retrospect – ‘If I had known then what I know now…’
Open with action – ‘He plunged into the icy canal.’
Pathetic fallacy – ‘The sky wept relentlessly.’
Short sentence – ‘Silence.’
Hyperbole – ‘It was a mountain of a task.’
Impossible question – ‘What if tomorrow never came?’
Foreboding – ‘Something was wrong, deeply wrong.’
Time jump – ‘Thirty years later, the letter arrived.’

Each of these strategies creates immediate tension or curiosity, making the examiner want to read on.

以上每一种策略都能立即制造紧张感或勾起好奇心，激发阅卷老师的阅读兴趣。

6. Structure Analysis Formula: Beginning, Middle, End & Shifts | 结构分析公式：开头、中间、结尾与转折

For Language Paper 1 Q3, you must comment on structure across the whole extract. Use a simple shift-spotting formula.

在试卷一第3题中，你必须对整个摘录的结构加以评论。可以使用一个简单的“找转折”公式。

Divide the text into Beginning, Middle and End. At each stage ask: what is the focus? Is it a character, setting or dialogue? Then identify structural features: shifts in perspective, time, location, pace, or sentence forms. Analyse why the writer has structured it this way.

将文本划分为开头、中间和结尾。在每个阶段问自己：焦点是什么？是人物、场景还是对话？然后识别结构特征：视角、时间、地点、节奏或句式上的转换。分析作者为什么要这样结构。

For example: ‘The writer shifts from a wide-angle description of the market to a close-up on the girl’s trembling hands, isolating her from the crowd to intensify the reader’s sympathy.’

例如：“作者从对市场的广角描写切换到对女孩颤抖双手的特写镜头，使她脱离人群，以此强化读者的同情。”

7. Comparative Poetry Formula: Both, However, While | 比较诗歌公式：Both, However, While

In Literature Paper 2 Section B, you need to compare two poems. This formula ensures you consistently draw out similarities and differences.

在文学试卷二 B 部分，你需要比较两首诗。这个公式可以确保你持续不断地剖析出相似与不同之处。

Start with a topic sentence using ‘Both poets…’ Then use ‘However,…’ or ‘While Poet X…, Poet Y…’ to contrast their methods or attitudes. End your paragraph with a comparative analytical insight.

主题句用“两位诗人皆…”开头。然后用“然而…”或“当诗人X…时，诗人Y却…”来对比他们的手法或态度。段尾用一句比较性的分析洞察收尾。

Example: ‘Both poets depict nature as a healing force. However, while Wordsworth presents it as a gentle, maternal presence, Hopkins celebrates its fierce, almost terrifying energy.’

示例：“两位诗人都将自然描绘成治愈力量。然而，当华兹华斯将其表现为温柔、母性的存在时，霍普金斯赞美的却是其猛烈、近乎可怖的能量。”

8. Creative Writing Formula: Drop, Shift, Zoom, Flashback, Circular Ending | 创意写作公式：切入、转换、拉近、闪回、环形结尾

A well-structured narrative follows a deliberate emotional arc. This five-stage formula will give your story shape and sophistication.

一篇结构精妙的叙事作品应遵循精心设计的情感弧线。这个五阶段公式将为你的故事赋予形态和高阶质感。

Drop the reader into a moment of tension or intrigue (in medias res).
Shift location or perspective to build the scene.
Zoom in on a significant detail or object that carries symbolic weight.
Use a brief flashback to reveal backstory or motivation.
End with a circular reference back to the opening line or image for a satisfying sense of closure.

切入： 将读者直接带入一个充满紧张或悬疑的时刻（故事中段切入）。
转换： 变换地点或视角，逐步构建场景。
拉近： 聚焦于一个富有象征意义的细节或物件。
运用简短的闪回揭示背景故事或动机。
以环形呼应的方式收尾，回扣开篇的一句话或画面，营造令人满意的收束感。

This formula helps you avoid the trap of a boring chronological recount; instead, your story will feel intentional and crafted.

这个公式能帮你避开平铺直叙流水账的陷阱；相反，你的故事会显得匠心独运、构思巧妙。

9. Transactional Writing Formula: Introduction, Arguments, Counter-argument, Conclusion | 事务性写作公式：引言、论点、驳论、结论

Transactional writing (articles, letters, speeches) on Language Paper 2 Q5 needs a clear argumentative structure. This formula works for every format.

试卷二第5题的事务性写作（文章、信件、演讲）需要清晰的说理结构。这个公式适用于所有体裁。

Write a strong Introduction stating your stance and outlining your main arguments. Develop two or three paragraphs, each with a separate Point-Evidence-Link structure. Include a Counter-argument paragraph where you acknowledge the opposing view but then dismiss it with a strong rebuttal. Conclude powerfully, reinforcing your initial position and leaving a memorable final thought.

写一个立场鲜明、并简要勾勒主要论点的有力引言。展开两至三个正文段落，每个段落运用独立的观点-证据-链接结构。加上一个驳论段，在此承认反方观点，随后用有力的反驳将其驳倒。要有力地结尾，重申初始立场，并留下令人难忘的最后思考。

For a letter: ‘Dear Editor’ or appropriate salutation directly addressing the audience. For a speech, address the audience at the opening and close with a call to action.

写信时：记得用“尊敬的编辑”或相应的称呼直接面向受众。演讲时，在开头向观众致意，在结尾发出行动呼吁。

10. Unseen Poetry Analysis in 3 Steps | 未见过诗歌分析三步法

For Literature Paper 2 Section C, you have limited time to analyse an unseen poem. Use this three-step formula to create a full, perceptive response.

在文学试卷二 C 部分，你需要在有限时间内分析一首从未见过的诗。使用这个三步公式，可以组织出一份完整而富有洞见的回答。

Overall impression: Read twice and answer: what is the poem about, and what is the dominant mood or feeling?
Method hunt: Circle three language features and two structural devices, selecting the strongest quotes.
Meaningful writing: Write three paragraphs linking method to meaning: Paragraph 1 – opening lines and how the poet establishes the situation; Paragraph 2 – a pivotal image and its extended effect; Paragraph 3 – final lines and how the poet ends with a twist or resolution.

整体印象： 读两遍，回答：这首诗写了什么？主导情绪或感觉是什么？
猎寻手法： 圈出三个语言特征和两个结构技巧，挑出最强的引文。
有意义地写作： 写三个将手法与意义联系起来的段落：第1段——开头诗行及诗人如何建立情境；第2段——一个关键意象及其延伸效果；第3段——结尾诗行及诗人如何以转折或收束作结。

Always comment on the poet’s voice and use tentative language: ‘perhaps’, ‘suggests’, ‘may imply’ to show perceptive engagement.

始终对诗人的语气进行评论，并使用揣测性语言：“或许”、“暗示”、“可能意味着”，以体现出敏锐的解读意识。

11. Summary Writing Formula (Q2 Paper 2) | 概括写作公式（试卷二第2题）

Language Paper 2 Q2 asks you to summarise differences between two texts. This formula ensures you make precise, comparative inferences without analysing language.

试卷二第2题要求你概括两篇文本的不同之处。此公式确保你能做出精准的比较推断，而不去分析语言。

Write one paragraph that synthesizes information from both texts. Use a frame: ‘In Source A, the writer perceives X as… whereas in Source B, Y is presented as…’ Support each difference with a brief, embedded quotation or reference. Focus on ideas, perspectives or feelings, not the writer’s methods.

写一个段落，将两篇文本的信息综合起来。使用框架：“在源文A中，作者将X视为…… 而在源文B中，Y却被呈现为……” 每处不同都要用简短的嵌入式引文或提及来支撑。聚焦于观点、视角或感受，而非作者的写作手法。

You should only select the most poignant contrasts, as the mark scheme rewards quality of inference over quantity.

你只应选取最尖锐的对比，因为评分标准看重的是推断的质量，而非数量。

12. Evaluation Question Formula (Q4 Language P1) | 评价题公式（试卷一第4题）

Evaluation is the highest-tariff reading question on Paper 1. It requires you to judge how successfully the writer achieves a particular purpose, using your own opinion.

评价题是试卷一阅读部分分值最高的题目。它要求你判断作者在多大程度上成功达成了某个特定目的，并表达你自己的观点。

Begin with a clear evaluative statement: ‘The writer powerfully conveys a sense of panic through…’. Then, as always, use evidence and analysis of methods. Crucially, weave in phrases that show you are evaluating: ‘This is effective because…’, ‘The metaphor is particularly striking because…’, ‘The writer deliberately…’ Make sure to discuss the reader’s response throughout.

开头用一个明确的评价性陈述：“作者通过……有力地传达出恐慌感。” 然后一如既往地使用证据和方法分析。关键是要穿插能体现你在评价的措辞：“这之所以有效是因为……”、“这个比喻尤为震撼是因为……”、“作者刻意……” 全段都要确保讨论读者的反应。

Conclude your paragraph by judging the overall impact, e.g. ‘Ultimately, Dickens’ cumulative use of sensory imagery ensures the reader feels completely immersed in the chaos of the street scene.’

段落结尾要对整体效果加以评判，例如：“归根结底，狄更斯对感官意象的层层叠加，使读者完全浸入了街头场景的混乱之中。”

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GCSE AQA English: Formula Handbook | GCSE AQA 英语：公式汇总手册