GCSE CIE Physics: Formula Handbook | GCSE CIE 物理：公式汇总手册

📚 GCSE CIE Physics: Formula Handbook | GCSE CIE 物理：公式汇总手册

This comprehensive handbook collects all essential formulas required for the Cambridge IGCSE Physics (0625) syllabus, covering both core and extended tiers. Each formula is presented clearly with explanations of symbols and SI units, helping you to revise effectively and apply equations with confidence in examinations.

本手册汇集了剑桥 IGCSE 物理 (0625) 教学大纲中所有必备公式，涵盖核心与拓展部分。每条公式均配有清晰的符号及国际单位制 (SI) 说明，帮助你高效复习并在考试中自信地运用公式。

1. Motion | 运动

v = s ÷ t

Average speed v (m/s) equals total distance travelled s (m) divided by total time taken t (s).

平均速度 v (米/秒) 等于总路程 s (米) 除以总时间 t (秒)。

a = (v − u) ÷ t

Acceleration a (m/s²) is the rate of change of velocity. u is initial velocity (m/s), v is final velocity (m/s), and t is time (s).

加速度 a (米/秒²) 是速度的变化率。u 为初速度 (米/秒)，v 为末速度 (米/秒)，t 为时间 (秒)。

v = u + at s = ½(u+v)t v² = u² + 2as

These equations of motion apply only when acceleration is constant. s stands for displacement (m), u is initial velocity, v final velocity, a acceleration and t time.

以上匀加速运动方程仅在加速度恒定时适用。s 表示位移 (米)，u 为初速度，v 为末速度，a 为加速度，t 为时间。

2. Forces and Momentum | 力与动量

F = m a

Resultant force F (newton, N) equals mass m (kg) multiplied by acceleration a (m/s²).

合力 F (牛顿) 等于质量 m (千克) 乘以加速度 a (米/秒²)。

W = m g

Weight W (N) is the force due to gravity; m is mass (kg) and g is gravitational field strength (N/kg, on Earth ~9.8 N/kg).

重力 W (牛) 是物体因引力受到的力；m 为质量 (kg)，g 为引力场强度 (牛/千克，地球表面约 9.8 N/kg)。

p = m v

Momentum p (kg m/s) is the product of mass m and velocity v. This is a vector quantity.

动量 p (千克·米/秒) 是质量与速度的乘积，为矢量。

F Δt = Δ(m v)

Impulse (FΔt) equals the change in momentum. Δt is the time interval over which the force acts.

冲量 (FΔt) 等于动量的变化量。Δt 为力作用的时间间隔。

3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率

W = F d

Work done W (joule, J) equals force F (N) multiplied by distance d (m) moved in the direction of the force.

做功 W (焦耳) 等于力 F (牛) 乘以在力的方向上移动的距离 d (米)。

KE = ½ m v²

Kinetic energy KE (J) of an object is half its mass times the square of its speed.

物体的动能 KE (焦) 等于质量的一半乘以速度的平方。

GPE = m g h

Change in gravitational potential energy GPE (J) near Earth’s surface equals m g h, where h is the change in height (m).

在地球表面附近，重力势能的变化量 GPE (焦) 等于 m g h，h 为高度变化 (米)。

P = W ÷ t

Power P (watt, W) is the rate of doing work: work done divided by time taken.

功率 P (瓦特) 是做功的快慢，即做功除以所用时间。

efficiency = useful output energy ÷ total input energy

Efficiency is the ratio of useful energy output to total energy input, often expressed as a percentage.

效率是有用输出能量与总输入能量之比，常以百分比表示。

4. Pressure and Density | 压强与密度

ρ = m ÷ V

Density ρ (kg/m³) is mass per unit volume: m is mass (kg), V is volume (m³).

密度 ρ (千克/米³) 是单位体积的质量：m 为质量 (千克)，V 为体积 (米³)。

p = F ÷ A

Pressure p (pascal, Pa) is normal force F (N) per unit area A (m²).

压强 p (帕斯卡) 是单位面积上的垂直压力：F 为力 (牛)，A 为面积 (米²)。

p = ρ g h

Pressure at a depth h in a fluid of constant density ρ equals ρ g h, where g is gravitational field strength.

在密度均匀的流体中，深度 h 处的压强等于 ρ g h，g 为引力场强度。

5. Thermal Physics | 热学

Q = m c Δθ

Thermal energy Q (J) required to change temperature equals mass m (kg) × specific heat capacity c (J/(kg⋅°C)) × temperature change Δθ (°C).

改变物体温度所需的热量 Q (焦) 等于质量 (千克) × 比热容 c (焦/(千克·°C)) × 温度变化 Δθ (°C)。

Q = m L

Energy Q (J) to change state at constant temperature equals mass m (kg) × specific latent heat L (J/kg).

在温度不变时改变物态所需的能量 Q (焦) 等于质量 (千克) × 比潜热 L (焦/千克)。

6. Waves | 波

v = f λ

Wave speed v (m/s) equals frequency f (Hz) multiplied by wavelength λ (m).

波速 v (米/秒) 等于频率 f (赫兹) 乘以波长 λ (米)。

n = sin i ÷ sin r

Refractive index n is the ratio of sine of angle of incidence i to sine of angle of refraction r, both measured in degrees.

折射率 n 等于入射角 i 的正弦与折射角 r 的正弦之比，角度单位均为度。

n = c ÷ v

Refractive index also equals the speed of light in vacuum c (3.0×10⁸ m/s) divided by the speed of light in the medium v.

折射率还等于真空中光速 c (3.0×10⁸ 米/秒) 除以介质中的光速 v。

sin c = 1 ÷ n

The critical angle c for total internal reflection is given by sin c = 1/n, where n is the refractive index of the denser medium.

全反射的临界角 c 满足 sin c = 1/n，其中 n 为光密介质的折射率。

7. Electricity: Basic Quantities | 电学：基本物理量

Q = I t

Electric charge Q (coulomb, C) equals current I (ampere, A) multiplied by time t (s).

电荷量 Q (库仑) 等于电流 I (安培) 乘以时间 t (秒)。

V = I R

Ohm’s law: potential difference V (volt, V) across a resistor equals current I (A) times resistance R (ohm, Ω).

欧姆定律：电阻两端的电势差 V (伏特) 等于电流 I (安) 乘以电阻 R (欧姆)。

8. Circuits and Resistance | 电路与电阻

R = R₁ + R₂ + …

For resistors in series, the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.

电阻串联时，总电阻等于各电阻之和。

1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …

For resistors in parallel, the reciprocal of the total resistance equals the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances.

电阻并联时，总电阻的倒数等于各电阻倒数之和。

9. Electrical Power and Energy | 电功率与电能

P = I V

Electrical power P (watt, W) equals current I (A) multiplied by potential difference V (V).

电功率 P (瓦特) 等于电流 I (安) 乘以电压 V (伏)。

P = I² R

Power can also be expressed as I²R, derived by substituting V = IR into P = IV.

功率也可写成 I²R，由 P = IV 代入 V = IR 得到。

P = V² ÷ R

Equivalently, P = V²/R, obtained by substituting I = V/R into P = IV.

同理，P = V²/R，由 I = V/R 代入 P = IV 得出。

E = V I t

Electrical energy transferred E (J) equals potential difference (V) × current (A) × time (s).

电能 E (焦) 等于电压 (伏) × 电流 (安) × 时间 (秒)。

10. Electromagnetism | 电磁学

Vp / Vs = Np / Ns

For an ideal transformer, the ratio of primary voltage Vp to secondary voltage Vs equals the ratio of the number of turns on the primary coil Np to the secondary coil Ns.

对于理想变压器，原边电压 Vp 与副边电压 Vs 之比等于原边线圈匝数 Np 与副边线圈匝数 Ns 之比。

Ip Vp = Is Vs

Assuming 100% efficiency, input power equals output power: primary current Ip × Vp equals secondary current Is × Vs.

假设效率为 100%，输入功率等于输出功率：原边电流 Ip × Vp 等于副边电流 Is × Vs。

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GCSE CIE Physics: Formula Handbook | GCSE CIE 物理：公式汇总手册