GCSE Edexcel Physics: Last-Minute Revision Notes | GCSE Edexcel 物理：考前冲刺笔记

📚 GCSE Edexcel Physics: Last-Minute Revision Notes | GCSE Edexcel 物理：考前冲刺笔记

This concise guide pulls together the key facts, equations and explanations you need for the Edexcel GCSE Physics exam. Work through each section, test yourself on the formulas and make sure you can explain every concept in clear, simple terms.

这份精简指南汇集了 Edexcel GCSE 物理考试所需的关键事实、方程和解释。逐节复习，自测公式，并确保能用清晰简洁的语言解释每个概念。

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1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动

Scalar quantities have magnitude only, such as speed, distance and mass. Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction, for example velocity, displacement and force.

标量只有大小，如速率、距离和质量。矢量既有大小又有方向，例如速度、位移和力。

Average speed is calculated from the distance travelled divided by the time taken. The instantaneous speed may be different, and the direction of motion gives the velocity.

平均速率等于运动的距离除以所用的时间。瞬时速率可能不同，运动方向决定了速度的方向。

v = d / t

速度公式：v = d ÷ t，其中 d 是距离 (m)，t 是时间 (s)，v 的单位是 m/s。

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be calculated as the change in velocity divided by the time taken. If the acceleration is negative the object is decelerating.

加速度是速度的变化率，等于速度变化量除以所用时间。若加速度为负，则物体在减速。

a = (v – u) / t

加速度公式：a = (v – u) ÷ t，u 是初速度 (m/s)，v 是末速度 (m/s)，t 是时间 (s)，单位是 m/s²。

For uniform acceleration you may need the equations of motion. They link final velocity v, initial velocity u, acceleration a, displacement s and time t. Practise choosing the right one for the data given.

对于匀加速运动，你可能需要运动学方程。它们将末速度 v、初速度 u、加速度 a、位移 s 和时间 t 联系起来。练习根据已知数据选择正确的方程。

v = u + at

s = ½ (u + v) t

s = ut + ½ a t²

v² = u² + 2 a s

距离 – 时间图的斜率表示速度。速度 – 时间图的斜率表示加速度，图线下方的面积表示位移。务必检查坐标轴的单位和原点。

Distance-time graphs: the gradient gives speed. Velocity-time graphs: the gradient gives acceleration and the area under the graph gives displacement. Always check the units and the origin of the axes.

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2. Newton’s Laws and Momentum | 牛顿定律与动量

Newton’s first law states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force. This is the idea of inertia.

牛顿第一定律：除非受到合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。这就是惯性的概念。

The second law relates resultant force, mass and acceleration. The acceleration is directly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to the mass.

第二定律将合力、质量和加速度联系起来。加速度与合力成正比，与质量成反比。

F = m a

合力公式：F = m a，力的单位是牛顿 (N)，质量 m 是 kg，加速度 a 是 m/s²。

Weight is the force on a mass due to gravity. It is not the same as mass. On Earth the gravitational field strength g is approximately 10 N/kg.

重量是重力作用在质量上的力，与质量不同。地球表面的重力场强 g 约等于 10 N/kg。

W = m g

重量公式：W = m g，W 的单位是 N。

Newton’s third law: when two objects interact they exert equal and opposite forces on each other. The forces are of the same type and act on different objects.

牛顿第三定律：两个物体相互作用时，彼此施加大小相等、方向相反的力。它们是同种性质的力，作用在不同物体上。

Momentum is a property of moving objects and depends on mass and velocity. In a closed system momentum is conserved, which explains collisions and explosions.

动量是运动物体的属性，取决于质量和速度。在封闭系统中动量守恒，这可以解释碰撞和爆炸现象。

p = m v

动量公式：p = m v，单位是 kg m/s。

Force can be linked to the rate of change of momentum. This explains why seatbelts, airbags and crumple zones reduce injury: by increasing the time over which the momentum changes, the force on the body is reduced.

力与动量变化率有关：F = Δp / Δt。这解释了安全带、安全气囊和溃缩区如何降低伤害——它们延长了动量变化的时间，从而减小了作用在身体上的力。

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3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移

Energy can be stored in various ways: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical, nuclear, thermal, magnetic and electrostatic. It is transferred between stores mechanically, electrically, by heating or by radiation.

能量可以多种形式储存：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、化学能、核能、热能、磁能和静电能。能量通过机械做功、电流做功、加热或辐射在不同储存形式之间转移。

The kinetic energy of a moving object depends on its mass and speed. Doubling the speed quadruples the kinetic energy.

运动物体的动能取决于其质量和速度。速度加倍会使动能变为原来的四倍。

KE = ½ m v²

动能公式：KE = ½ m v²，m 是质量 (kg)，v 是速度 (m/s)，单位是焦耳 (J)。

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored because of an object’s height above the ground. It increases with mass, height and the gravitational field strength.

重力势能是因物体离地高度而储存的能量，随质量、高度和重力场强的

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