GCSE OCR Economics: Calculation Practice Special Training | GCSE OCR 经济：计算题专项训练

📚 GCSE OCR Economics: Calculation Practice Special Training | GCSE OCR 经济：计算题专项训练

Mastering calculations is essential for GCSE OCR Economics, as numerical questions frequently appear across both micro and macro topics. This article provides a systematic drill of the key quantitative skills you need, from elasticity formulas to inflation rates and exchange conversions. Each section includes core formulas, worked examples, and practice prompts to build confidence and accuracy.

掌握计算对于 GCSE OCR 经济学至关重要，因为数字类题目在微观和宏观部分都会频繁出现。本文梳理了你必须掌握的关键量化技能，从弹性公式到通货膨胀率和汇率换算。每个小节都包含核心公式、例题及练习提示，帮助你建立信心、提升正确率。

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1. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求价格弹性

PED measures how much the quantity demanded of a product changes in response to a change in its price. It is always negative due to the law of demand, but we often ignore the minus sign and focus on the absolute value.

需求价格弹性衡量的是某种商品的需求量对其价格变化的反应程度。根据需求定律，PED 始终为负值，但我们通常忽略负号，关注其绝对值。

PED = %Δ Quantity Demanded ÷ %Δ Price

Example: The price of a cinema ticket is reduced from £10 to £8, and weekly ticket sales rise from 500 to 650. Calculate PED.

例题：一张电影票的价格从 10 英镑降至 8 英镑，周销售量从 500 张上升到 650 张。计算需求价格弹性。

Solution: %Δ Quantity Demanded = ((650 – 500) ÷ 500) × 100 = 30%. %Δ Price = ((8 – 10) ÷ 10) × 100 = -20%. PED = 30% ÷ -20% = -1.5, so the absolute value is 1.5. Demand is price elastic.

解答：需求量的百分比变化 = ((650 – 500) ÷ 500) × 100 = 30%。价格的百分比变化 = ((8 – 10) ÷ 10) × 100 = -20%。PED = 30% ÷ -20% = -1.5，因此绝对值为 1.5。需求是富有价格弹性的。

Practice: If a 5% rise in the price of milk leads to a 2% fall in quantity demanded, what is the PED? (Answer: PED = -0.4, inelastic)

练习：如果牛奶价格上涨 5% 导致需求量下降 2%，PED 是多少？(答案：PED = -0.4，缺乏弹性)

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2. Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) | 供给价格弹性

PES measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price. It is usually positive because a higher price encourages firms to supply more.

供给价格弹性衡量供给量对价格变化的反应程度。PES 通常为正值，因为价格上升会激励企业增加供给。

PES = %Δ Quantity Supplied ÷ %Δ Price

Example: The price of handmade chairs increases from £200 to £250, and the quantity supplied rises from 80 to 110 units per month. Calculate PES.

例题：手工椅子的价格从 200 英镑上涨到 250 英镑，每月供给量从 80 把增加到 110 把。计算供给价格弹性。

Solution: %Δ Quantity Supplied = ((110 – 80) ÷ 80) × 100 = 37.5%. %Δ Price = ((250 – 200) ÷ 200) × 100 = 25%. PES = 37.5% ÷ 25% = 1.5. Supply is price elastic.

解答：供给量的百分比变化 = ((110 – 80) ÷ 80) × 100 = 37.5%。价格的百分比变化 = ((250 – 200) ÷ 200) × 100 = 25%。PES = 37.5% ÷ 25% = 1.5。供给是富有价格弹性的。

Practice: A 10% increase in the price of wheat results in a 5% increase in quantity supplied. Determine PES. (Answer: 0.5, inelastic supply)

练习：小麦价格上升 10%，供给量增加 5%。计算 PES。(答案：0.5，供给缺乏弹性)

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3. Income Elasticity of Demand (YED) | 需求收入弹性

YED shows how demand for a product changes as consumer incomes change. Normal goods have positive YED, while inferior goods have negative YED.

需求收入弹性反映的是产品需求如何随消费者收入变化而变化。正常商品的 YED 为正，劣质商品的 YED 为负。

YED = %Δ Quantity Demanded ÷ %Δ Income

Example: Household incomes in a town rise by 8%, and the demand for organic vegetables increases by 14%. Calculate YED and classify the good.

例题：某城镇居民家庭收入上升 8%，有机蔬菜的需求增加 14%。计算 YED 并判断商品类型。

Solution: YED = 14% ÷ 8% = 1.75. This is a luxury good (income elastic) because YED > 1.

解答：YED = 14% ÷ 8% = 1.75。这属于奢侈品（富有收入弹性），因为 YED > 1。

Practice: A 5% rise in incomes leads to a 3% fall in demand for bus travel. What is YED? What type of good is this? (Answer: YED = -0.6, inferior good)

练习：收入增加 5% 导致巴士出行需求下降 3%。YED 是多少？这属于哪类商品？(答案：YED = -0.6，劣质商品)

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4. Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) | 需求交叉弹性

XED measures the responsiveness of demand for one good when the price of another good changes. Complements have negative XED, while substitutes have positive XED.

需求交叉弹性衡量的是某商品需求对另一种商品价格变化的反应程度。互补品的 XED 为负，替代品的 XED 为正。

XED = %Δ Quantity Demanded of Good A ÷ %Δ Price of Good B

Example: The price of printers falls by 10%, and the quantity demanded of ink cartridges rises by 25%. Calculate XED and identify the relationship.

例题：打印机价格下降 10%，墨盒的需求量上升 25%。计算 XED 并判断商品关系。

Solution: XED = 25% ÷ -10% = -2.5. The negative value shows they are strong complements.

解答：XED = 25% ÷ -10% = -2.5。负值表明它们是强互补品。

Practice: A 6% rise in the price of tea causes a 4% increase in demand for coffee. Calculate XED. Are these goods substitutes or complements? (Answer: XED = 0.67, substitutes)

练习：茶叶价格上升 6%，咖啡需求增加 4%。计算 XED。它们是替代品还是互补品？(答案：XED = 0.67，替代品)

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5. Total Revenue, Average Revenue and Profit | 总收入、平均收入与利润

Total revenue (TR) is the money a firm receives from sales. Average revenue (AR) equals price. Profit is calculated by subtracting total costs from total revenue.

总收入 (TR) 是企业从销售中获得的款项。平均收入 (AR) 等于价格。利润由总收入减去总成本得出。

TR = Price × Quantity Sold

AR = TR ÷ Quantity

Profit = TR – Total Costs

Example: A bakery sells 400 loaves of bread per day at £1.50 each. Total costs amount to £450 per day. Calculate TR, AR and daily profit.

例题：一家面包店每天出售 400 条面包，每条售价 1.50 英镑。每日总成本为 450 英镑。计算 TR、AR 和日利润。

Solution: TR = £1.50 × 400 = £600. AR = £600 ÷ 400 = £1.50. Profit = £600 – £450 = £150.

解答：TR = 1.50 × 400 = 600 英镑。AR = 600 ÷ 400 = 1.50 英镑。利润 = 600 – 450 = 150 英镑。

Practice: If a firm sells 250 units at £12 each and faces total costs of £2 800, calculate profit. (Answer: TR = £3 000, Profit = £200)

练习：如果某企业以 12 英镑单价售出 250 件产品，总成本为 2 800 英镑，计算利润。(答案：TR = 3 000 英镑，利润 = 200 英镑)

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6. Total Costs, Average Costs and Fixed Costs | 总成本、平均成本与固定成本

Total cost (TC) is the sum of total fixed costs (TFC) and total variable costs (TVC). Average cost (AC) shows the cost per unit of output.

总成本 (TC) 是总固定成本 (TFC) 与总可变成本 (TVC) 之和。平均成本 (AC) 表示每单位产出的成本。

TC = TFC + TVC

AC = TC ÷ Quantity

Example: A factory has TFC of £5 000 per month and variable costs of £8 per unit. It produces 1 200 units. Find TC and AC.

例题：某工厂每月总固定成本为 5 000 英镑，每单位可变成本为 8 英镑，生产量为 1 200 件。求 TC 和 AC。

Solution: TVC = £8 × 1 200 = £9 600. TC = £5 000 + £9 600 = £14 600. AC = £14 600 ÷ 1 200 = £12.17 (approximately).

解答：TVC = 8 × 1 200 = 9 600 英镑。TC = 5 000 + 9 600 = 14 600 英镑。AC = 14 600 ÷ 1 200 ≈ 12.17 英镑。

Practice: If TFC is £2 000, TVC per unit is £3 and output is 500 units, compute TC and AC. (Answer: TC = £3 500, AC = £7)

练习：若 TFC 为 2 000 英镑，每单位可变成本为 3 英镑，产出为 500 件，计算 TC 和 AC。(答案：TC = 3 500 英镑，AC = 7 英镑)

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7. Productivity and Efficiency | 生产率与效率

Labour productivity measures output per worker over a given period. Improvements in productivity reduce average costs and make a business more efficient.

劳动生产率衡量的是每个工人在特定时期内的产出。生产率的提高可降低平均成本，使企业更有效率。

Labour Productivity = Total Output ÷ Number of Workers

Example: A factory employs 50 workers and produces 7 500 units per week. Calculate labour productivity per worker per week.

例题：一家工厂雇佣了 50 名工人，每周生产 7 500 件产品。计算每名工人每周的劳动生产率。

Solution: Labour Productivity = 7 500 ÷ 50 = 150 units per worker per week.

解答：劳动生产率 = 7 500 ÷ 50 = 每名工人每周 150 件。

Practice: If 30 workers make 4 800 T-shirts in a day, what is daily labour productivity? (Answer: 160 T-shirts per worker)

练习：如果 30 名工人一天生产 4 800 件 T 恤，日劳动生产率是多少？(答案：每名工人 160 件)

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8. Economic Growth Rate | 经济增长率

Economic growth is measured by the percentage change in real GDP from one period to the next. It indicates how much an economy’s output has increased.

经济增长通过实际国内生产总值 (GDP) 从一个时期到下一时期的百分比变化来衡量。它表明一个经济体的产出增长了多少。

Growth Rate = ((Real GDP in Year 2 – Real GDP in Year 1) ÷ Real GDP in Year 1) × 100

Example: In 2023, real GDP was £2 100 billion. In 2024, it rose to £2 163 billion. Calculate the growth rate.

例题：2023 年实际 GDP 为 21 000 亿英镑，2024 年升至 21 630 亿英镑。计算经济增长率。

Solution: Growth Rate = ((2 163 – 2 100) ÷ 2 100) × 100 = (63 ÷ 2 100) × 100 = 3%.

解答：增长率 = ((21 630 – 21 000) ÷ 21 000) × 100 = (630 ÷ 21 000) × 100 = 3%。（注：例题数字按原规模调整，实际 2100 亿对应 2 100 billion，此处可理解为 2 100 单位，依然得到 3%。根据例题数字，2 163 – 2 100 = 63, 63 / 2 100 = 0.03 = 3%。）

Practice: If real GDP falls from £1 800 billion to £1 764 billion, what is the growth rate? Is the economy growing? (Answer: -2%, the economy is shrinking)

练习：如果实际 GDP 从 18 000 亿英镑下降到 17 640 亿英镑，增长率是多少？经济在增长吗？(答案：-2%，经济在萎缩)

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9. Unemployment Rate | 失业率

The unemployment rate measures the proportion of the labour force that is actively seeking work but unable to find it. It is a key economic indicator.

失业率衡量的是劳动力中积极寻找工作但未能找到的比例。这是一项关键的经济指标。

Unemployment Rate = (Number Unemployed ÷ Labour Force) × 100

Example: A country has a labour force of 35 million people. If 2.1 million are unemployed, calculate the unemployment rate.

例题：某国劳动力人口为 3 500 万，失业人口为 210 万。计算失业率。

Solution: Unemployment Rate = (2.1 ÷ 35) × 100 = 6%.

解答：失业率 = (2.1 ÷ 35) × 100 = 6%。

Practice: A labour force of 48 million includes 1.44 million unemployed. Find the unemployment rate. (Answer: 3%)

练习：某劳动力规模为 4 800 万，其中失业人口为 144 万。求失业率。(答案：3%)

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10. Inflation Rate Using Consumer Price Index (CPI) | 通货膨胀率（消费者物价指数）

Inflation indicates a sustained rise in the general price level. Using CPI data, we can compute the annual inflation rate.

通货膨胀表示总体物价水平的持续上涨。利用消费者物价指数 (CPI) 数据，我们可以计算年度通货膨胀率。

Inflation Rate = ((CPI in Current Year – CPI in Previous Year) ÷ CPI in Previous Year) × 100

Example: The CPI was 110 in 2023 and 114.4 in 2024. Calculate the inflation rate for 2024.

例题：2023 年 CPI 为 110，2024 年 CPI 为 114.4。计算 2024 年的通货膨胀率。

Solution: Inflation Rate = ((114.4 – 110) ÷ 110) × 100 = (4.4 ÷ 110) × 100 = 4%.

解答：通货膨胀率 = ((114.4 – 110) ÷ 110) × 100 = (4.4 ÷ 110) × 100 = 4%。

Practice: If the CPI increases from 125 to 130, what is the inflation rate? (Answer: 4%)

练习：如果 CPI 从 125 上升到 130，通货膨胀率是多少？(答案：4%)

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11. Exchange Rates: Currency Conversions | 汇率：货币换算

Exchange rates show the price of one currency in terms of another. You will need to convert amounts using given rates, and recognise appreciation or depreciation.

汇率显示用另一种货币表示的一种货币的价格。你需要使用给定的汇率进行金额换算，并识别升值或贬值。

Example: The exchange rate is £1 = US$1.30. How many US dollars would a UK tourist receive for £400? Later, the rate changes to £1 = US$1.25. Explain what happened to the pound.

例题：汇率为 1 英镑 = 1.30 美元。一位英国游客用 400 英镑能换多少美元？后来汇率变为 1 英镑 = 1.25 美元，解释英镑发生了什么变化。

Solution: Amount in dollars = 400 × 1.30 = US$520. When the rate falls to 1.25, the pound buys fewer dollars, so the pound has depreciated against the dollar.

解答：美元金额 = 400 × 1.30 = 520 美元。当汇率降至 1.25 时，英镑能买到的美元变少，因此英镑对美元贬值了。

Practice: If the exchange rate is £1 = €1.15, how many euros do you get for £250? If the rate changes to £1 = €1.18, has the pound appreciated? (Answer: €287.50; yes, the pound now buys more euros, so it appreciated)

练习：如果汇率为 1 英镑 = 1.15 欧元，用 250 英镑能换多少欧元？如果汇率变为 1 英镑 = 1.18 欧元，英镑升值了吗？(答案：287.50 欧元；是的，英镑现在能买到更多欧元，所以升值了)

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12. Per Capita Income | 人均收入

Income per head is a simple measure of average living standards. It is calculated by dividing national income (GDP) by the population.

人均收入是衡量平均生活水平的一个简单指标，通过国民收入（GDP）除以总人口数得出。

GDP per Capita = GDP ÷ Population

Example: Country X has a GDP of £480 billion and a population of 60 million. Calculate GDP per capita.

例题：X 国 GDP 为 4 800 亿英镑，人口为 6 000 万。计算人均 GDP。

Solution: GDP per Capita = 480 000 million ÷ 60 million = £8 000. (Note: convert billion to million for easier calculation: £480 billion = £480 000 million)

解答：人均 GDP = 480 000 百万 ÷ 60 百万 = 8 000 英镑。（注意：将十亿转换为百万以便计算，4 800 亿英镑 = 480 000 百万英镑）

Practice: Country Y has GDP of £200 billion and 25 million people. What is the GDP per capita? (Answer: £8 000)

练习：Y 国 GDP 为 2 000 亿英镑，人口 2 500 万。人均 GDP 是多少？(答案：8 000 英镑)

Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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