IB WJEC Business: Globalisation Key Points | IB WJEC 商务：全球化 考点精讲

📚 IB WJEC Business: Globalisation Key Points | IB WJEC 商务：全球化 考点精讲

Globalisation is a central theme in both IB Business Management and WJEC Business specifications. It shapes how firms expand, compete and operate across borders. This revision guide unpacks key definitions, drivers, impacts of multinationals, benefits and risks of globalisation, trade policy, exchange rates, global marketing strategies and ethical considerations — all aligned with your exam requirements.

全球化是 IB 商务管理及 WJEC 商务课程中的核心主题。它深刻影响着企业跨国扩张、竞争与运营的方式。本考点精讲围绕全球化的定义、驱动因素、跨国公司的影响、全球化的利弊、贸易政策、汇率、全球营销策略以及道德考量等方面展开，紧扣考试重点，助你高效备考。

1. What is Globalisation? | 什么是全球化？

Globalisation refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of national economies through cross‑border flows of goods, services, capital, technology and labour. It transforms the world into a single, interconnected marketplace where businesses source, produce and sell internationally.

全球化是指各国经济通过商品、服务、资本、技术与劳动力的跨境流动日益融合、相互依存的过程。它将世界转变为一个相互关联的单一市场，企业可以在全球范围内采购、生产和销售。

In business terms, globalisation means that firms no longer face purely domestic competition. They must consider international customers, global supply chains and transnational competitors. This shift is driven by reduced trade barriers, technological advances and liberalisation policies.

从商业角度看，全球化意味着企业不再只面对国内竞争，而需要考虑国际客户、全球供应链和跨国竞争对手。这一转变由贸易壁垒的减少、技术进步和自由化政策推动。

2. Drivers of Globalisation | 全球化的驱动因素

Several forces have accelerated globalisation. Trade liberalisation, through agreements like WTO rules and regional free‑trade blocs, has lowered tariffs and quotas. Technological innovation in transport (containerisation, air freight) and communication (internet, mobile networks) has shrunk time and cost distances dramatically.

几股力量加速了全球化进程。通过 WTO 规则和区域自由贸易集团等推动的贸易自由化，降低了关税与配额。交通技术（集装箱化、空运）和通信技术（互联网、移动网络）的创新大幅缩短了时间与成本距离。

Increased capital mobility allows firms to invest across borders and set up subsidiaries almost anywhere. The rise of emerging economies such as China and India has opened vast new consumer markets and low‑cost production bases. Moreover, cultural convergence and consumer demand for global brands fuel further integration.

资本流动性的增强使企业可以在世界各地投资设厂。中国、印度等新兴经济体的崛起打开了巨大的消费市场和低成本生产基地。此外，文化趋同和消费者对全球品牌的需求进一步推动了融合。

3. Role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) | 跨国公司的作用

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are businesses that operate in more than one country, usually with headquarters in a home nation and subsidiaries abroad. They are key agents of globalisation, spreading capital, technology and management know‑how across borders.

跨国公司是指在多个国家运营的企业，通常总部设在母国，并在海外设有子公司。它们是全球化的关键推动者，将资本、技术和管理知识跨国传播。

MNCs achieve economies of scale through large‑scale production and global sourcing. They also engage in transfer pricing to minimise tax liabilities and can shift production to exploit comparative advantages, such as lower labour costs. Famous examples include Apple, Toyota and Unilever.

跨国公司通过大规模生产和全球采购实现规模经济。它们还通过转移定价来最小化税收负担，并能转移生产以利用比较优势，如较低的劳动力成本。苹果、丰田和联合利华是典型例子。

For host countries, MNCs bring foreign direct investment (FDI), employment, technology transfer and improved infrastructure. However, they can also crowd out local businesses and exert influence over government policies.

对于东道国来说，跨国公司带来了外商直接投资、就业机会、技术转让和基础设施改善。但它们也可能挤垮本土企业，并对政府政策施加影响。

4. Benefits of Globalisation for Businesses | 全球化对企业的好处

• Access to larger markets enables firms to grow customer bases and spread fixed costs over more units, lowering average cost.

  进入更大市场使企业能够扩大客户群，并将固定成本分摊到更多产品上，降低平均成本。

• Economies of scale and scope arise from global production and distribution networks, reducing unit production costs.

  全球生产和分销网络带来规模经济和范围经济，降低单位生产成本。

• Sourcing from low‑cost countries allows firms to cut input costs and improve profit margins. This often involves offshoring or outsourcing.

  从低成本国家采购使企业降低投入成本并提高利润率，这通常涉及离岸生产或外包。

• Access to a wider talent pool and specialised skills enhances innovation and productivity.

  获得更广泛的人才库和专业技能有助于提升创新能力和生产率。

• Risk diversification: operating in multiple markets reduces dependence on a single economy and cushions against local downturns.

  风险分散：在多个市场运营降低了对单一经济的依赖，并能缓冲本地经济下滑的冲击。

5. Drawbacks and Risks of Globalisation | 全球化的弊端与风险

• Increased competition from international rivals can squeeze domestic firms’ market share and profits.

  来自国际对手的竞争加剧，可能挤压国内企业的市场份额和利润。

• Exchange rate volatility exposes businesses to currency risk, affecting the value of foreign earnings and costs.

  汇率波动使企业面临货币风险，影响海外收益和成本的价值。

• Supply chain complexity: long, cross‑border supply chains are vulnerable to disruptions (natural disasters, geopolitical tensions, pandemics).

  供应链复杂性：漫长、跨境的供应链容易遭受中断（自然灾害、地缘政治紧张、疫情等）。

• Cultural and legal differences can lead to marketing blunders or compliance failures, increasing operational risk.

  文化和法律差异可能导致营销失误或合规失败，增加运营风险。

• Reputational damage if firms are accused of exploiting cheap labour, damaging the environment or avoiding tax in host countries.

  若企业被指控剥削廉价劳动力、破坏环境或在东道国避税，可能造成声誉受损。

6. Globalisation and International Trade | 全球化与国际贸易

Globalisation is underpinned by international trade, which allows nations to specialise according to comparative advantage. Countries export goods and services they can produce relatively more efficiently and import those that would be costlier to produce domestically.

全球化以国际贸易为基础，各国可以依据比较优势进行专业化分工。国家出口自身生产效率相对较高的商品与服务，进口那些在国内生产成本更高的产品。

Free trade is promoted by reducing protectionist measures such as tariffs, quotas and subsidies. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) aims to facilitate negotiations and resolve trade disputes. Regional trade blocs like the EU, USMCA and ASEAN further deepen integration by eliminating internal barriers.

自由贸易通过削减关税、配额和补贴等保护主义措施得以推动。世界贸易组织（WTO）旨在促进谈判与解决贸易争端。欧盟、USMCA 和东盟等区域贸易集团通过消除内部壁垒进一步加深一体化。

For businesses, international trade expands market opportunities and sourcing options. However, it also requires understanding of trade documentation, Incoterms and customs procedures. An appreciation of balance of payments and terms of trade helps managers anticipate macroeconomic shifts.

对企业而言，国际贸易扩展了市场机遇和采购选择。但同时也需要了解贸易单据、国际贸易术语解释通则和海关程序。掌握国际收支和贸易条件知识有助于管理者预判宏观经济变化。

7. Exchange Rates and Business Impact | 汇率及其对企业的影响

An exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another. It directly affects the competitiveness of exports, cost of imports and the financial performance of businesses engaged in international trade.

汇率是以一种货币表示另一种货币的价格。它直接影响出口竞争力、进口成本以及从事国际贸易企业的财务表现。

When a country’s currency appreciates, its exports become more expensive for foreign buyers, potentially reducing sales. Conversely, imports become cheaper, which can benefit firms reliant on imported raw materials. A depreciation has the opposite effect: exports become cheaper and imports more expensive, improving the trade balance but raising input costs.

当一国货币升值时，其出口商品对外国买家而言变贵，可能导致销量下降；同时进口商品变便宜，有利于依赖进口原料的企业。货币贬值则相反：出口变便宜、进口变贵，改善贸易平衡但推高投入成本。

Businesses manage exchange rate risk through hedging instruments such as forward contracts, options and natural hedging (matching currency inflows and outflows). Exam questions often require calculation of currency conversions and analysis of the effect on profit margins.

企业通过远期合约、期权等对冲工具以及自然对冲（匹配货币流入与流出）来管理汇率风险。考试中常要求进行货币换算，并分析汇率变动对利润率的影响。

8. Global Marketing Strategies | 全球营销策略

Firms operating globally face a crucial decision: standardisation versus adaptation. A standardised global strategy offers a uniform marketing mix across countries (e.g. Coca‑Cola), capitalising on economies of scale and a consistent brand image. An adaptation approach tailors products, pricing, promotion and distribution to local preferences (e.g. McDonald’s menu variations).

全球运营的企业面临一个关键抉择：标准化还是适应性策略。标准化全球策略在所有国家提供统一的营销组合（如可口可乐），利用规模经济和一致品牌形象。适应性策略则根据当地偏好定制产品、价格、促销和分销（如麦当劳的菜单差异）。

Many firms adopt a ‘glocal’ approach — think global, act local — combining global branding with local flexibility. In IB and WJEC exams, you may need to evaluate the factors influencing this choice: cultural differences, legal regulations, consumer behaviour, costs and nature of the product.

许多企业采用“全球本地化”策略——兼顾全球思维与本地行动，将全球品牌与本地灵活性结合。在 IB 和 WJEC 考试中，你可能需要评估影响这一选择的因素：文化差异、法律法规、消费者行为、成本及产品特性。

Global e‑commerce and digital marketing have further blurred boundaries, enabling even small firms to reach international audiences at low cost. Social media platforms, search engine marketing and international logistics partnerships are now vital tools.

全球电子商务和数字营销进一步模糊了边界，即使是小企业也能以较低成本触达国际受众。社交媒体平台、搜索引擎营销和国际物流合作伙伴现已成为关键工具。

9. Protectionism and Trade Barriers | 保护主义与贸易壁垒

Despite the trend towards free trade, governments often impose protectionist measures to shield domestic industries, preserve jobs and maintain national security. Tariffs are taxes on imported goods; quotas restrict the quantity of imports; subsidies give domestic producers a cost advantage. Non‑tariff barriers include strict product standards, bureaucratic customs procedures and voluntary export restraints.

尽管存在自由贸易趋势，政府往往施加保护主义措施以保护国内产业、保留就业和维护国家安全。关税是对进口商品征收的税；配额限制进口数量；补贴为国内生产者提供成本优势。非关税壁垒包括严格的产品标准、繁琐的海关程序和自愿出口限制。

Protectionism can create a short‑term boost for domestic firms but typically leads to higher consumer prices, inefficiency and retaliation from trade partners. In both IB and WJEC assessments, you will be expected to analyse the impacts of protectionism on different stakeholders: domestic producers, consumers, foreign exporters and the government.

保护主义可能在短期内提振国内企业，但通常导致消费者价格上升、效率降低以及贸易伙伴的报复。在 IB 和 WJEC 考核中，你需要分析保护主义对不同利益相关者（国内生产者、消费者、外国出口商及政府）的影响。

Arguments for protectionism include protecting infant industries, preventing dumping (selling goods below cost in foreign markets) and safeguarding strategic sectors. These must be weighed against the long‑term benefits of competition and specialisation.

支持保护主义的理由包括保护幼稚产业、防止倾销（在国外市场以低于成本的价格销售商品）和保卫战略性行业。这些须与竞争和专业化带来的长期利益进行权衡。

10. Ethical and Sustainability Issues in Globalisation | 全球化中的道德与可持续性问题

Globalisation raises important ethical concerns. MNCs are often criticised for exploiting workers in developing countries through low wages, poor working conditions and child labour. Supply chain transparency and ethical sourcing have become critical for maintaining brand reputation and meeting consumer expectations.

全球化引发了重要的道德关切。跨国公司常因在发展中国家通过低工资、恶劣工作条件和使用童工剥削工人而受到批评。供应链透明度和道德采购已成为维护品牌声誉和满足消费者期望的关键。

Environmental sustainability is another major challenge. Global production and transport increase carbon footprints and resource depletion. Many businesses now adopt sustainability strategies, such as using renewable energy, reducing packaging and embracing circular economy principles, in response to stakeholder pressure and regulation.

环境可持续性是另一重大挑战。全球生产与运输增加了碳排放和资源消耗。许多企业现在采取可持续发展策略，如使用可再生能源、减少包装和践行循环经济原则，以回应利益相关者的压力和法规要求。

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting and adherence to international standards (e.g. UN Global Compact, ISO 14001) are increasingly expected. Examiners will reward candidates who can discuss the trade‑off between profit and ethical behaviour, and suggest how businesses can balance global expansion with responsible practices.

企业社会责任（CSR）报告以及遵守国际标准（如联合国全球契约、ISO 14001）日益成为必须。考官会奖励那些能够讨论利润与道德行为之间的权衡，并提出企业如何在全球扩张与负责任经营之间取得平衡的考生。

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Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com

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