📚 IGCSE AQA Physics Formula Handbook | IGCSE AQA 物理公式汇总手册
This comprehensive handbook brings together all the essential equations from the IGCSE AQA Physics syllabus. Organised by topic, it is designed for rapid reference and effective revision — each formula is presented with a clear explanation in both English and Chinese.
本手册汇总了 IGCSE AQA 物理课程中所有核心公式。按主题分类整理，旨在快速查阅与高效复习——每个公式都配有中英双语解释。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Speed is the rate of change of distance: speed equals distance divided by time.
v = s / t
速度是距离的变化率：速度等于距离除以时间。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: acceleration equals change in velocity divided by time taken.
a = (v – u) / t
加速度是速度的变化率：加速度等于末速度减初速度再除以时间。
The first SUVAT equation links final velocity v, initial velocity u, acceleration a and time t.
v = u + a t
第一个匀加速运动方程：末速度 v = 初速度 u + 加速度 a × 时间 t。
The second SUVAT equation relates final velocity squared, initial velocity squared, acceleration and displacement.
v² = u² + 2 a s
第二个匀加速运动方程：速度平方的变化等于 2 倍加速度乘以位移。
Average speed can be used to find displacement when acceleration is constant: s = average velocity × time.
s = 1/2 (u + v) t
当加速度恒定时，位移等于平均速度乘以时间：s = 1/2 (初速度+末速度) × 时间。
Newton’s Second Law: the resultant force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration.
F = m a
牛顿第二定律：物体所受合外力等于质量乘以加速度。
Weight is the force due to gravity: weight equals mass times gravitational field strength.
W = m g
重力是地球对物体的吸引力：重力 = 质量 × 引力场强度。
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
p = m v
动量等于质量乘以速度。
Force can also be expressed as the rate of change of momentum.
F = Δp / t
力也可表示为动量的变化率：F = 动量变化量 / 时间。
In a closed system, the total momentum before a collision equals the total momentum after the collision.
m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂
在封闭系统中，碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量（动量守恒）。
Moment of a force (torque) is the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the pivot.
M = F d
力矩 = 力 × 支点到力作用线的垂直距离。
Pressure is defined as force per unit area.
P = F / A
压强等于压力除以受力面积。
Pressure at a depth in a liquid depends on height, density and gravitational field strength.
p = h ρ g
液体内部压强：压强差 = 深度 × 液体密度 × 引力场强度。
Hooke’s Law: the extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the applied force, up to the limit of proportionality.
F = k e
胡克定律：在弹性限度内，弹力与伸长量成正比，F = k × 伸长量。
2. Energy | 能量
Kinetic energy depends on mass and the square of speed.
Ek = ½ m v²
动能等于二分之一质量乘以速度的平方。
Gravitational potential energy gained by an object when lifted in a gravitational field.
Ep = m g h
重力势能：物体升高时获得的势能 = 质量 × 引力场强度 × 高度。
Work done is the energy transferred when a force moves an object in the direction of the force.
W = F s
做功 = 力 × 沿力方向的位移。
Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of energy transfer.
P = W / t = E / t
功率是做功的速率或能量转移的速率：P = 功 / 时间 = 能量 / 时间。
Efficiency compares useful output energy (or power) to total input energy (or power).
Efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%
效率 = (有用输出能量或功率 / 总输入能量或功率) × 100%。
The elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring depends on the spring constant and the square of extension.
Ee = ½ k e²
弹性势能 = 1/2 × 弹簧常数 × 伸长量的平方。
3. Waves | 波
The wave equation links wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
v = f λ
波速 = 频率 × 波长。
The period of a wave is the reciprocal of frequency.
T = 1 / f
周期 = 1 / 频率。
The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
反射定律：入射角 = 反射角。
Snell’s law for refraction relates the refractive index to the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction.
n = sin i / sin r
折射定律 (斯涅耳定律)：折射率 = sin (入射角) / sin (折射角)。
The critical angle for total internal reflection can be found when the angle of refraction is 90°.
sin c = 1 / n
全反射临界角满足 sin c = 1 / 折射率。
4. Electricity | 电学
Electric charge is the product of current and time.
Q = I t
电荷量 = 电流 × 时间。
Ohm’s law: the potential difference across a resistor is directly proportional to the current through it (at constant temperature).
V = I R
欧姆定律：电压 = 电流 × 电阻。
Resistance is the ratio of voltage to current.
R = V / I
电阻 = 电压 / 电流。
Electrical power can be expressed in three useful forms.
P = I V P = I² R P = V² / R
电功率的三个公式：P = I V；P = I² R；P = V² / R。
Energy transferred by an electrical component depends on power and time, or charge and voltage.
E = P t = I V t
电能 = 功率 × 时间 = 电流 × 电压 × 时间。
Another useful form relates energy directly to charge and voltage.
E = Q V
电能也等于电荷量 × 电压。
Resistors in series: total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.
Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + …
串联电阻的总电阻等于各电阻之和。
Resistors in parallel: the reciprocal of the total resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances.
1 / Rtotal = 1 / R₁ + 1 / R₂ + …
并联电阻总电阻的倒数等于各支路电阻倒数之和。
The potential divider equation gives the output voltage across the second resistor in a series circuit.
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