IGCSE Biology: Translation | 翻译 考点精讲

📚 IGCSE Biology: Translation | 翻译 考点精讲

Protein synthesis is a fundamental biological process that occurs in all living cells. After transcription creates a messenger RNA (mRNA) copy of a gene, the next step is translation. Understanding translation is essential for IGCSE Biology, as it explains how the genetic code is converted into functional proteins. This article provides a focused revision guide covering key concepts, common pitfalls, and exam tips.

蛋白质合成是发生在所有活细胞中的基本生物学过程。在转录产生基因的信使RNA (mRNA) 副本后，下一步就是翻译。理解翻译对于IGCSE生物至关重要，因为它解释了遗传密码如何转化为功能性蛋白质。本文提供了一份重点复习指南，涵盖了关键概念、常见错误和考试技巧。

1. Overview of Translation | 翻译概述

Translation is the process by which the sequence of codons on mRNA is decoded into a sequence of amino acids, forming a polypeptide chain.

翻译是指mRNA上的密码子序列被解码为氨基酸序列，从而形成多肽链的过程。

This process takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes can be free-floating or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), where the resulting proteins may be further processed.

该过程在细胞质中的核糖体上进行。核糖体可以游离漂浮或附着在粗面内质网 (RER) 上，产生的蛋白质可在此进行进一步加工。

Translation requires mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomes, amino acids, and energy in the form of ATP. The accuracy of this process is vital, as errors can lead to non-functional proteins.

翻译需要mRNA、转运RNA (tRNA)、核糖体、氨基酸以及ATP形式的能量。该过程的准确性至关重要，因为错误可能导致非功能性蛋白质。

2. The Role of mRNA | mRNA的作用

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome. Each group of three bases on mRNA is called a codon.

信使RNA (mRNA) 将遗传信息从DNA携带到核糖体。mRNA上每三个碱基一组称为一个密码子。

A codon codes for a specific amino acid. For example, the codon A

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