AP Psychology Concept Mind Maps | AP心理学知识点思维导图

📚 AP Psychology Concept Mind Maps | AP心理学知识点思维导图

Mastering AP Psychology requires more than memorizing definitions—it demands a clear mental map of how theories, researchers, and experiments connect. This article presents a text‑based mind map for each major unit, embedding dual‑language explanations after every branch. Use these verbal diagrams to review, self‑test, and deepen your understanding of the full course structure.

掌握AP心理学不仅需要死记硬背定义，更需要一张清晰的心智地图，呈现理论、研究者与实验之间的关联。本文为每个主要单元提供文字化的思维导图，每个分支后都嵌入中英双语解释。借助这些文字导图进行复习，自我检测，并深化对整个课程结构的理解。

1. Scientific Foundations of Psychology | 心理学的科学基础

The central node “Psychology’s Roots” branches into four first‑level areas. Branch 1: History & Approaches – Structuralism (Wundt, Titchener, introspection), Functionalism (James, adaptive function), Gestalt (whole is different from sum), Psychoanalytic (Freud), Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner), Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow), and the cognitive revolution. Branch 2: Modern Perspectives – Biological, Cognitive, Humanistic, Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary lenses. Branch 3: Research Methods – Experimental (manipulate IV, measure DV, control confounds, random assignment), Correlational (scatterplot, correlation coefficient r, no causation), Descriptive (case study, survey, naturalistic observation), and key concepts like operational definitions, reliability, and validity. Branch 4: Statistics & Ethics – descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, standard deviation σ, normal curve), inferential statistics (p‑value, statistical significance), and APA ethical guidelines (informed consent, debriefing, confidentiality, minimal harm).

核心节点“心理学的根源”分出四个一级分支。分支一：历史与流派 – 结构主义(冯特,铁钦纳,内省)、功能主义(詹姆斯,适应性功能)、格式塔(整体不等于部分之和)、精神分析(弗洛伊德)、行为主义(华生,斯金纳)、人本主义(罗杰斯,马斯洛)及认知革命。分支二：现代视角 – 生物学、认知、人本、心理动力学、行为、社会文化和进化等取向。分支三：研究方法 – 实验法(操纵自变量,测量因变量,控制混淆变量,随机分配)、相关法(散点图,相关系数r,无因果关系)、描述法(个案研究,调查,自然观察)，以及操作定义、信度与效度等关键概念。分支四：统计与伦理 – 描述性统计(均值,中位数,众数,标准差σ,正态曲线)、推断统计(p值,统计显著性)，以及APA伦理准则(知情同意,事后解说,保密,最小伤害)。

2. Biological Bases of Behavior | 行为的生物学基础

The central node “Biological Bases” branches into Neurons & Neural Communication, Nervous System Organization, Brain Structures & Functions, and the Endocrine System. The first branch Neuron covers anatomy (dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons), action potential (all‑or‑none, threshold, sodium‑potassium pump), synapse, neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, endorphins), and reuptake/excitatory vs. inhibitory effects. The second branch Nervous System divides into central (brain & spinal cord) and peripheral (somatic & autonomic). Autonomic further splits into sympathetic (arousal, fight‑or‑flight) and parasympathetic (calming, rest‑and‑digest). The third branch Brain Structures, organized from hindbrain to forebrain, includes: brainstem (medulla, pons, reticular formation), cerebellum, limbic system (thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala), cerebral cortex (frontal lobe – prefrontal cortex, motor cortex; parietal lobe – somatosensory cortex; occipital lobe – vision; temporal lobe – auditory, Wernicke’s area). Left hemisphere: language (Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area), logic; right hemisphere: spatial, face recognition; split‑brain studies by Sperry. The fourth branch Endocrine System covers glands (pituitary – master gland, thyroid, adrenal, gonads) and hormones, noting the HPA axis and its role in stress responses.

核心节点“生物学基础”分出神经元与神经传递、神经系统组织、大脑结构与功能、以及内分泌系统。神经元分支包含解剖结构(树突,胞体,轴突,髓鞘,终扣)、动作电位(全或无,阈值,钠钾泵)、突触、神经递质(乙酰胆碱,多巴胺,5‑羟色胺,去甲肾上腺素,GABA,谷氨酸,内啡肽)，以及重摄取/兴奋性与抑制性效应。神经系统分支分为中枢(脑与脊髓)和外周(躯体与自主)。自主神经又分成交感(觉醒,战斗或逃跑)和副交感(镇静,休息与消化)。大脑结构分支从后脑到前脑排列，包括：脑干(延髓,脑桥,网状结构)、小脑、边缘系统(丘脑,下丘脑,海马,杏仁核)、大脑皮质(额叶–前额叶皮层,运动皮层;顶叶–躯体感觉皮层;枕叶–视觉;颞叶–听觉,韦尼克区)。左半球：语言(布罗卡区,韦尼克区)、逻辑；右半球：空间、面孔识别；斯佩里的裂脑研究。内分泌系统分支涵盖腺体(垂体–主腺,甲状腺,肾上腺,性腺)和激素，强调HPA轴及其在应激反应中的作用。

3. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉

The central node “Sensation & Perception” unfolds into Sensation (Bottom‑Up), Perception (Top‑Down), Vision, Hearing, Other Senses, and Principles of Organization. Sensation focuses on thresholds: absolute threshold, difference threshold (Weber’s law: ΔI/I = k), signal detection theory (sensitivity vs. response criterion), sensory adaptation, and transduction. Perception covers selective attention (cocktail party effect), perceptual set (expectations), and depth cues (monocular: relative size, linear perspective, texture gradient; binocular: retinal disparity, convergence). The Vision branch details the eye (cornea, pupil/iris, lens, retina – rods & cones, fovea, bipolar cells, ganglion cells), pathway to optic chiasm and occipital lobe, feature detectors (Hubel & Wiesel), and color theories (Young‑Helmholtz trichromatic, Hering opponent‑process). The Hearing branch includes the ear (pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles – hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells), place theory and frequency theory, and types of hearing loss (conduction vs. sensorineural). Other Senses cover gustation (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami), olfaction (olfactory bulb), touch (pressure, temperature, pain – gate‑control theory), kinesthesis, and vestibular sense. Finally, Gestalt principles (figure‑ground, proximity, similarity, closure, continuity) and perceptual constancy (size, shape, color).

核心节点“感觉与知觉”展开为感觉(自下而上)、知觉(自上而下)、视觉、听觉、其他感觉以及组织原则。感觉部分关注阈限:绝对阈限、差别阈限(韦伯定律:ΔI/I = k)、信号检测论(感受性与反应偏向)、感觉适应和换能。知觉涵盖选择性注意(鸡尾酒会效应)、知觉定势(期望)，以及深度线索(单眼:相对大小,线条透视,纹理梯度;双眼:视网膜视差,辐合)。视觉分支详述眼睛(角膜,瞳孔/虹膜,晶状体,视网膜–视杆与视锥,中央凹,双极细胞,节细胞)，到视交叉和枕叶通路，特征觉察器(休伯与威塞尔)，以及颜色理论(杨‑亥姆霍兹三色说,海林拮抗加工说)。听觉分支包括耳朵(耳廓,听道,鼓膜,听小骨–锤骨,砧骨,镫骨,卵圆窗,耳蜗,基底膜,毛细胞)，位置理论和频率理论，以及听力损失类型(传导性 vs. 感音神经性)。其他感觉涵盖味觉(甜,酸,咸,苦,鲜)、嗅觉(嗅球)、触觉(压力,温度,疼痛–闸门控制理论)、动觉与前庭觉。最后，格式塔原则(图形‑背景,接近性,相似性,闭合性,连续性)和知觉恒常性(大小,形状,颜色)。

4. Learning | 学习

“Learning” has three central branches: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning. Classical Conditioning centers on Pavlov’s experiments: unconditional stimulus (US) → unconditional response (UR); neutral stimulus (NS) paired with US becomes conditional stimulus (CS) → conditional response (CR). Key processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, higher‑order conditioning. Applications: Little Albert (Watson & Rayner), taste aversion (Garcia effect), and cognitive perspectives (Rescorla‑Wagner model, predictive value). Operant Conditioning, based on Thorndike’s law of effect and Skinner’s operant chamber, organizes consequences: positive reinforcement (add pleasant), negative reinforcement (remove aversive), positive punishment (add aversive), negative punishment (remove pleasant). Schedules of reinforcement: continuous vs. partial (fixed‑ratio, variable‑ratio, fixed‑interval, variable‑interval), with partial producing greater resistance to extinction. Other concepts: shaping, discriminative stimulus, primary vs. secondary reinforcers, latent learning (Tolman’s cognitive maps), insight learning (Köhler), and learned helplessness (Seligman). Observational Learning (Bandura’s Bobo doll) involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation; mirror neurons support this process.

“学习”有三个核心分支:经典条件作用,操作性条件作用和观察学习。经典条件作用聚焦巴甫洛夫实验:无条件刺激(US)→无条件反应(UR);中性刺激(NS)与US反复配对后成为条件刺激(CS)→条件反应(CR)。关键过程:习得,消退,自发恢复,泛化,辨别,高级条件作用。应用:小阿尔伯特(华生与雷纳),味觉厌恶(加西亚效应)，以及认知观点(雷斯克拉‑瓦格纳模型,预测价值)。操作性条件作用基于桑代克效果律和斯金纳操作箱，将后果组织为:正强化(增加愉快物)、负强化(移除厌恶物)、正惩罚(施加厌恶物)、负惩罚(移除愉快物)。强化程式:连续 vs. 部分(固定比率,可变比率,固定时距,可变时距)，部分强化更抵抗消退。其他概念:塑造,辨别刺激,初级与次级强化物,潜伏学习(托尔曼认知地图),顿悟学习(苛勒),习得性无助(塞利格曼)。观察学习(班杜拉波波玩偶)涉及注意,保持,再现和动机;镜像神经元支持这一过程。

5. Cognitive Psychology | 认知心理学

The central node “Cognition” branches into Memory Models, Encoding & Storage, Forgetting, Thinking & Problem‑Solving, and Language. Memory Models: Atkinson‑Shiffrin three‑stage model (sensory memory – iconic & echoic, short‑term/working memory with 7±2 chunks and 20‑30 sec, long‑term memory). Working memory update (Baddeley: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, episodic buffer). Long‑term memory divided into explicit (declarative – semantic and episodic) and implicit (non‑declarative – procedural, priming). Encoding strategies: automatic vs. effortful, shallow vs. deep (levels‑of‑processing), semantic encoding, self‑reference effect, imagery, chunking, mnemonics, distributed practice (spacing effect). Storage and retrieval: flashbulb memories, context‑dependent, state‑dependent, and mood‑congruent memory, serial position effect (primacy & recency). Forgetting: encoding failure, storage decay (Ebbinghaus forgetting curve), retrieval failure (tip‑of‑the‑tongue), interference (proactive & retroactive), motivated forgetting (repression). Thinking: algorithms vs. heuristics (availability, representativeness), confirmation bias, belief perseverance, framing, mental set, functional fixedness. Language development: phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics; Chomsky’s language acquisition device (LAD) and universal grammar vs. Skinner’s operant learning; critical period hypothesis; Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s aphasia.

核心节点“认知”分出记忆模型、编码与储存、遗忘、思维与问题解决、以及语言。记忆模型:阿特金森‑谢弗林三阶段模型(感觉记忆–映像与回声,短时/工作记忆7±2组块,20‑30秒,长时记忆)。工作记忆更新(巴德利:语音环路,视空间画板,中央执行器,情景缓冲器)。长时记忆分为外显(陈述性–语义与情景)和内隐(非陈述性–程序性,启动)。编码策略:自动 vs. 努力,浅层 vs. 深层(加工水平),语义编码,自我参照效应,表象,组块,记忆术,分散练习(间隔效应)。储存与提取:闪光灯记忆,情境依存,状态依存和心境一致性记忆,系列位置效应(首因与近因)。遗忘:编码失败,储存消退(艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线),提取失败(舌尖现象),干扰(前摄与倒摄),动机性遗忘(压抑)。思维:算法 vs. 启发式(可得性,代表性),证实偏差,信念固着,框架效应,心理定势,功能固着。语言发展:音素,词素,句法,语义;乔姆斯基的语言习得装置(LAD)和普遍语法 vs. 斯金纳的操作学习;关键期假设;布罗卡与韦尼克失语症。

6. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学

The central node “Development” branches into Major Issues, Prenatal & Newborn, Physical Development, Cognitive Development, Social‑Emotional Development, and Moral Development. Major issues: nature vs. nurture, continuity vs. stages, stability vs. change. Prenatal stages: zygote → embryo → fetus; teratogens (alcohol→FAS). Newborn reflexes: rooting, sucking, grasping, Moro. Physical development highlights brain maturation, motor milestones (roll, sit, crawl, walk), and puberty (primary & secondary sex characteristics). Cognitive development centers on Piaget’s stages: sensorimotor (0‑2, object permanence), preoperational (2‑7, egocentrism, animism, lack of conservation), concrete operational (7‑11, conservation, reversibility, classification), formal operational (11+, abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking). Critiques: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory – scaffolded learning in the zone of proximal development (ZPD). Social‑emotional development draws on attachment (Harlow’s monkeys, Ainsworth’s Strange Situation – secure, insecure‑avoidant, insecure‑ambivalent, disorganized), parenting styles (Baumrind: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved), and Erikson’s psychosocial stages (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair). Moral development: Kohlberg’s preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels (Heinz dilemma); Gilligan’s care‑based ethics. Aging issues: cognitive decline vs. crystallized intelligence, Alzheimer’s disease.

核心节点“发展”分出主要议题、产前与新生儿、生理发展、认知发展、社会情感发展和道德发展。主要议题:先天与后天,连续性与阶段性,稳定与变化。产前阶段:受精卵→胚胎→胎儿;致畸物(酒精→胎儿酒精综合征)。新生儿反射:觅食,吸吮,抓握,莫罗反射。生理发展强调大脑成熟,运动里程碑(翻身,坐,爬,走)和青春期(第一及第二性征)。认知发展以皮亚杰阶段为核心:感知运动(0‑2岁,客体永久性),前运算(2‑7岁,自我中心,泛灵论,缺乏守恒),具体运算(7‑11岁,守恒,可逆性,分类),形式运算(11岁以上,抽象推理,假设思维)。批评:维果茨基社会文化理论–最近发展区内的支架式学习。社会情感发展基于依恋(哈洛的恒河猴,安斯沃斯陌生情境–安全型,不安全‑回避型,不安全‑矛盾型,紊乱型),教养方式(鲍姆林德:权威型,专制型,放任型,忽视型)，以及埃里克森的心理社会阶段(信任对不信任,自主对羞愧/怀疑,主动对内疚,勤奋对自卑,同一性对角色混乱,亲密对孤独,繁衍对停滞,完整对绝望)。道德发展:柯尔伯格前习俗、习俗和后习俗水平(海因茨困境);吉利根的关怀伦理。老化议题:认知衰退与晶体智力,阿尔茨海默病。

7. Motivation, Emotion, and Personality | 动机、情绪与人格

The central node unites Motivation Theories, Emotion Theories & Physiology, Stress & Coping, and Personality Theories. Motivation side: drive‑reduction theory (Clark Hull, homeostasis), optimal arousal (Yerkes‑Dodson law), Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (physiological→safety→love/belonging→esteem→self‑actualization→self‑transcendence), self‑determination theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness). Hunger: biological (lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus, ghrelin, leptin), psychological (social facilitation, unit bias). Sexual motivation: Masters & Johnson’s sexual response cycle, evolutionary explanations. Achievement motivation: intrinsic vs. extrinsic, self‑efficacy (Bandura). Emotion theories: James‑Lange (physiology first), Cannon‑Bard (simultaneous arousal and experience), Schachter‑Singer two‑factor (arousal + cognitive label), Lazarus appraisal theory. Emotional expression: Ekman’s universal expressions, facial feedback effect. Stress: General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye: alarm, resistance, exhaustion), coping strategies (problem‑focused vs. emotion‑focused). Personality perspectives: psychoanalytic (Freud: id, ego, superego; psychosexual stages – oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital; defense mechanisms), humanistic (Rogers: unconditional positive regard, self‑concept; Maslow), trait theories (Allport, Eysenck’s dimensions, Big Five – OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism), social‑cognitive (Bandura’s reciprocal determinism, locus of control – Rotter). Assessment: projective tests (Rorschach, TAT) vs. objective inventories (MMPI‑2).

核心节点将动机理论、情绪理论与生理、压力与应对、以及人格理论联合。动机方面:驱力减低理论(赫尔,內衡)、最佳唤醒(耶克斯‑多德森定律)、马斯洛需要层次(生理→安全→爱与归属→尊重→自我实现→自我超越)、自我决定理论(自主,胜任,关系)。饥饿:生物(外侧与腹内侧下丘脑,饥饿素,瘦蛋白),心理(社会助长,单位偏误)。性动机:马斯特斯与约翰逊性反应周期,进化解释。成就动机:内在与外在,自我效能感(班杜拉)。情绪理论:詹姆斯‑兰格(生理先于体验)、坎农‑巴德(唤醒与体验同时)、沙赫特‑辛格双因素(唤醒+认知标签)、拉扎勒斯评定理论。情绪表达:埃克曼的普遍表情,面部反馈效应。压力:一般适应综合征(塞利:警戒,抵抗,衰竭),应对策略(问题聚焦 vs. 情绪聚焦)。人格视角:精神分析(弗洛伊德:本我,自我,超我;心理性欲阶段–口唇,肛门,性器,潜伏,生殖;防御机制)、人本主义(罗杰斯:无条件积极关注,自我概念;马斯洛)、特质理论(奥尔波特,艾森克维度,大五–OCEAN:开放性,尽责性,外倾性,宜人性,神经质)、社会认知(班杜拉交互决定论,控制点–罗特)。评估:投射测验(罗夏,主题统觉测验) vs. 客观量表(MMPI‑2)。

8. Clinical Psychology | 临床心理学

The central node “Clinical Psychology” connects Defining Abnormality, DSM‑5 Framework, Major Disorder Categories, Explanations for Disorders, and Treatment. Defining abnormality considers: statistical rarity, personal distress, maladaptive behavior, violation of social norms. The DSM‑5 organizes disorders into categories. Anxiety Disorders: GAD, panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety, agoraphobia. Obsessive‑Compulsive & Related: OCD (obsessions + compulsions), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding. Trauma‑ & Stressor‑Related: PTSD (intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations, hyperarousal), adjustment disorder. Depressive Disorders: MDD (5+ symptoms, 2 weeks), persistent depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder. Bipolar & Related: bipolar I, II, cyclothymic disorder. Schizophrenia Spectrum: positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech), negative symptoms (flat affect, avolition), cognitive symptoms; dopamine hypothesis, brain abnormalities; subtypes removed in DSM‑5. Dissociative Disorders: dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder (controversial), depersonalization/derealization. Somatic Symptom Disorders: conversion disorder, illness anxiety disorder. Feeding & Eating Disorders: anorexia nervosa (restricting, binge‑purge), bulimia nervosa, binge‑eating disorder. Personality Disorders organized into clusters: A (odd/eccentric – paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal), B (dramatic/emotional – antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic), C (anxious/fearful – avoidant, dependent, obsessive‑compulsive). Explanations encompass biological (genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, brain structure), psychological (psychodynamic, cognitive distortions, maladaptive learning), and sociocultural (poverty, discrimination, culture‑bound syndromes). Treatment: biomedical (drugs – SSRIs, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), psychosurgery. Psychotherapies: psychoanalytic (free association, dream analysis), humanistic (client‑centered, active listening), behavioral (systematic desensitization, exposure & response prevention, token economy), cognitive (challenging automatic thoughts, REBT), cognitive‑behavioral (CBT). Evaluation: therapeutic alliance, meta‑analysis evidence.

核心节点“临床心理学”联结异常定义、DSM‑5框架、主要障碍类别、障碍解释和治疗。异常定义考虑：统计稀有性、个人痛苦、适应不良行为、违反社会规范。DSM‑5将障碍分类。焦虑障碍：广泛性焦虑、惊恐障碍、特定恐怖症、社交焦虑、广场恐怖。强迫及相关障碍： OCD(强迫观念+强迫行为)、躯体变形障碍、囤积障碍。创伤及应激相关障碍：PTSD(闯入、回避、负性改变、高警觉)、适应障碍。抑郁障碍：重性抑郁障碍(5+症状,2周)、持续性抑郁障碍、季节性情感障碍。双相及相关障碍：双相I、II、环性心境障碍。精神分裂症谱系：阳性症状(幻觉、妄想、紊乱言语)、阴性症状(情感淡漠、意志减退)、认知症状；多巴胺假说、脑异常； DSM‑5已移除亚型。分离障碍：分离性遗忘、分离性身份障碍(有争议)、人格解体/现实解体。躯体症状障碍：转换障碍、疾病焦虑障碍。喂养与进食障碍：神经性厌食(限制型、暴食清除型)、神经性贪食、暴食障碍。人格障碍分为组群：A组(古怪/偏执–偏执型、分裂样、分裂型)，B组(戏剧化/情绪化–反社会型、边缘型、表演型、自恋型)，C组(焦虑/恐惧–回避型、依赖型、强迫型)。解释涵盖生物(遗传、神经递质失衡、脑结构)、心理(心理动力学、认知歪曲、适应不良学习)和社会文化(贫困、歧视、文化束缚综合征)。治疗：生物医学(药物– SSRIs,抗精神病药,心境稳定剂)、电休克治疗(ECT)、精神外科学。心理治疗：精神分析(自由联想、梦的解析)、人本主义(来访者中心、积极倾听)、行为(系统脱敏、暴露与反应阻止、代币制)、认知(挑战自动思维、理性情绪行为疗法)、认知行为(CBT)。评估：治疗联盟、元分析证据。

9. Social Psychology | 社会心理学

The social psychology mind map radiates from “Social Influence” into sub‑branches: Attribution & Attitudes, Conformity & Obedience, Group Processes, Prejudice & Discrimination, Aggression, and Altruism. Attribution covers fundamental attribution error, actor‑observer bias, self‑serving bias, and the just‑world phenomenon. Attitudes and persuasion: elaboration likelihood model (central vs. peripheral route), cognitive dissonance (Festinger), foot‑in‑the‑door, door‑in‑the‑face. Conformity: Asch’s line study, normative vs. informational influence, factors affecting conformity. Obedience: Milgram’s shock experiment, situational forces, agentic state. Group processes: social facilitation, social loafing, deindividuation, group polarization, groupthink (Janis), minority influence. Prejudice: explicit vs. implicit, stereotypes, scapegoat theory, realistic conflict theory (Robbers Cave), social identity theory (in‑group vs. out‑group, in‑group bias), contact hypothesis. Aggression: biological (amygdala, testosterone, serotonin), frustration‑aggression hypothesis, Bandura’s modeling of aggression, media effects. Altruism: bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance), factors that increase helping (Kitty Genovese case), social exchange theory, empathy‑altruism hypothesis. Interpersonal attraction: proximity, mere exposure effect, similarity, physical attractiveness, passionate vs. companionate love (Sternberg’s triangular theory – intimacy, passion, commitment).

社会心理学思维导图从“社会影响”辐射出子分支：归因与态度、从众与服从、群体过程、偏见与歧视、攻击以及利他。归因涵盖基本归因错误、行动者‑观察者偏差、自我服务偏差和公平世界现象。态度与说服：详尽可能模型(中心路径 vs. 外围路径)、认知失调(费斯廷格)、登门槛技术、留面子技术。从众：阿希线段实验、规范性与信息性影响、影响从众的因素。服从：米尔格拉姆电击实验、情境力量、代理人状态。群体过程：社会助长、社会惰化、去个体化、群体极化、群体思维(贾尼斯)、少数派影响。偏见：外显与内隐、刻板印象、替罪羊理论、现实冲突理论(罗伯斯山洞)、社会认同理论(内群体 vs. 外群体,内群体偏袒)、接触假设。攻击：生物(杏仁核、睾酮、血清素)、挫折‑攻击假说、班杜拉的攻击行为示范、媒体影响。利他：旁观者效应(责任扩散、多元无知)、增加助人的因素(基蒂·吉诺维斯案)、社会交换理论、共情‑利他假说。人际吸引：接近性、单纯曝光效应、相似性、外貌吸引力、激情之爱与伴侣之爱(斯滕伯格三角理论–亲密、激情、承诺)。

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