📚 Edexcel Physics: Formula Summary Handbook | Edexcel 物理：公式汇总手册
This handbook provides a concise compilation of essential formulas for Edexcel AS and A-Level Physics, organised by topic. Use it as a quick reference to memorise key equations and understand their relationships. All symbols follow standard conventions used in Edexcel examinations.
本手册按主题整理了 Edexcel AS 与 A-Level 物理的核心公式，便于快速查阅和记忆。所有符号均遵循 Edexcel 考试的通用约定，适合考前系统复习。
1. Mechanics | 力学
SUVAT equations for constant acceleration: These four equations link displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a) and time (t).
匀加速运动方程：这四个方程关联了位移 (s)、初速度 (u)、末速度 (v)、加速度 (a) 和时间 (t)。
v = u + at
s = ut + ½ at²
s = ½ (u + v) t
v² = u² + 2 a s
Newton’s second law: The resultant force F acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum, which simplifies to mass times acceleration for a constant mass.
牛顿第二定律：作用在物体上的合力 F 等于其动量的变化率；当质量不变时，简化为质量与加速度的乘积。
F = Δp / Δt = m a
Momentum and impulse: Momentum p is the product of mass and velocity. Impulse is equal to the change in momentum or the average force multiplied by the contact time.
动量与冲量：动量 p 是质量与速度的乘积。冲量等于动量的变化量，也等于平均力乘以作用时间。
p = m v
Impulse = F t = Δp
Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy: Energy of motion and energy due to position in a gravitational field.
动能与重力势能：物体的运动能量和在重力场中由于位置具有的能量。
Eₖ = ½ m v²
ΔEₚ = m g Δh
Work, energy and power: Work is force times displacement in the direction of the force. Power is the rate of doing work or the product of force and velocity.
功、能与功率：功等于力在位移方向上的分量与位移的乘积。功率是做功的速率，也等于力与速度的乘积。
W = F d cos θ
P = ΔW / Δt = F v
Moment of a force: The torque (moment) about a pivot is force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot.
力矩：力对某转轴的力矩等于力的大小乘以力的作用线到转轴的垂直距离。
M = F d
2. Materials | 材料
Stress, strain and Young modulus: Stress is force per unit cross-sectional area. Strain is extension divided by original length. Young modulus E is the ratio of stress to strain within the limit of proportionality.
应力、应变与杨氏模量：应力是单位横截面积上的力；应变是伸长量除以原长；杨氏模量 E 是在比例极限内应力与应变的比值。
Stress = F / A
Strain = ΔL / L
E = (F / A) / (ΔL / L)
Elastic strain energy: Energy stored in a stretched spring or wire is equal to the area under the force-extension graph, often ½ F ΔL for a linear relationship.
弹性势能：储存在被拉伸的弹簧或线材中的能量等于力-伸长图下的面积，当满足线性关系时常为 ½ F ΔL。
Eₑₗ = ½ F ΔL = ½ k (ΔL)²
3. Waves and Optics | 波与光学
Wave speed: The speed v of a wave is the product of its frequency f and wavelength λ.
波速：波速 v 等于频率 f 与波长 λ 的乘积。
v = f λ
Refraction and Snell’s law: When light passes from medium 1 to medium 2, the product of refractive index and the sine of the angle to the normal is constant.
折射与斯涅尔定律：光从介质 1 进入介质 2 时，折射率与入射角（与法线夹角）的正弦的乘积为常数。
n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂
Diffraction grating: Constructive interference occurs when the path difference between adjacent slits equals an integer number of wavelengths.
衍射光栅：当相邻狭缝的光程差等于波长的整数倍时，发生相长干涉。
d sin θ = n λ, n = 0, 1, 2, …
Wave nature and intensity: Intensity I is proportional to the square of the amplitude A, and for a point source it follows the inverse-square law.
波的强度：强度 I 与振幅 A 的平方成正比；对于点波源，强度服从平方反比规律。
I ∝ A²
I = P / (4π r²)
4. Electricity | 电学
Current and charge: Electric current I is the rate of flow of charge Q.
电流与电荷：电流 I 是电荷 Q 的流动速率。
I = ΔQ / Δt
Ohm’s law and resistance: For an ohmic conductor, potential difference V equals current times resistance R. Resistivity ρ relates resistance to the geometry of a wire.
欧姆定律与电阻：对于欧姆导体，电势差 V 等于电流乘以电阻 R。电阻率 ρ 把电阻与导线的几何形状联系了起来。
V = I R
R = ρ L / A
Electrical power: Power dissipated in a component can be expressed in terms of V, I, R.
电功率：元件消耗的功率可以用 V、I 和 R 表示。
P = V I = I² R = V² / R
EMF and internal resistance: The terminal potential difference V equals the electromotive force ε minus the p.d. lost across the internal resistance r.
电动势与内阻：路端电压 V 等于电动势 ε 减去内阻 r 上的电压降。
ε = I (R + r), V = ε – I r
5. Thermal Physics and Gases | 热物理与气体
Ideal gas equation: The pressure p, volume V and temperature T of n moles of an ideal gas are related by the molar gas constant R. The equation can also be written in terms of the number of molecules N and Boltzmann constant k.
理想气体方程：n 摩尔理想气体的压强 p、体积 V 和温度 T 通过摩尔气体常数 R 关联。该方程也可用分子数 N 和玻尔兹曼常数 k 表示。
p V = n R T
p V = N k T
Kinetic theory model: The pressure of an ideal gas is related to the mean square speed of its molecules. Also, the average translational kinetic energy per molecule is proportional to the absolute temperature.
气体动理论模型：理想气体的压强与其分子的方均根速率有关。每个分子的平均平动动能与绝对温度成正比。
p V = ⅓ N m ⟨c²⟩
½ m ⟨c²⟩ = (3/2) k T
Energy and temperature change: The heat required to change the temperature of a substance depends on its specific heat capacity c, and the heat for a phase change depends on the specific latent heat L.
能量与温度变化：改变物质温度所需的热量取决于其比热容 c；相变所需热量取决于比潜热 L。
Q = m c Δθ
Q = m L
6. Circular Motion and SHM | 圆周运动与简谐运动
Centripetal acceleration and force: An object moving in a circle of radius r at speed v has an acceleration directed towards the centre, and the net inward force required is the centripetal force.
向心加速度与向心力：以速率 v 在半径 r 的圆周上运动的物体具有指向圆心的加速度，所需的净向内作用力即为向心力。
a = v² / r = ω² r
F = m v² / r = m ω² r
Simple harmonic motion (SHM): The acceleration is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position and directed towards it. The period T is independent of amplitude for a true SHM system.
简谐运动 (SHM)：加速度与相对平衡位置的位移成正比且方向相反。纯简谐运动系统的周期 T 与振幅无关。
a = − ω² x
x = A cos(ω t)
T = 2π / ω
Period of simple pendulum and mass-spring system: These expressions give the natural period of oscillation for small amplitudes.
单摆与弹簧振子的周期：以下公式给出了小振幅时的固有振动周期。
T = 2π √(l / g)
T = 2π √(m / k)
7. Gravitational Fields | 引力场
Newton’s law of gravitation: The attractive force between two point masses is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
万有引力定律：两质点间的引力与它们的质量乘积成正比，与它们之间距离的平方成反比。
F = G m₁ m₂ / r²
Gravitational field strength g: Field strength at a point is the gravitational force per unit mass. Near a planet’s surface it is approximately constant; for a spherical mass it falls off as 1/r² outside the mass.
引力场强度 g：某点的场强等于单位质量受到的引力。在行星表面附近近似为常数；在球体外随 1/r² 衰减。
g = F / m
g = G M / r²
Gravitational potential V: Potential energy per unit mass at a point in the field. The change in potential energy is ΔEₚ = m ΔV.
引力势 V：场中某点单位质量具有的势能。势能变化为 ΔEₚ = m ΔV。
V = − G M / r
ΔEₚ = m ΔV
8. Electric Fields | 电场
Coulomb’s law: The electrostatic force between two point charges follows an inverse-square law analogous to gravitation.
库仑定律：两电荷之间的静电力与万有引力类似，满足平方反比律。
F = k Q₁ Q₂ / r² = (1/4π ε₀) Q₁ Q₂ / r²
Electric field strength E: Defined as the force per unit positive charge. In a uniform field between parallel plates it is simply V/d.
电场强度 E：定义为单位正电荷所受的力。在平行板间的匀强电场中，E = V/d。
E = F / q
E = V / d
Electric potential and work done: The potential V at a point is the work done per unit charge. For a radial field around a point charge, V = k Q / r.
电势与功：某点的电势 V 是单位电荷从无穷远移到该点所做的功。对于点电荷的放射状电场，V = k Q / r。
V = W / q
V = k Q / r
9. Capacitors | 电容器
Capacitance definition: Capacitance C is the charge stored per unit potential difference across the plates.
电容的定义：电容 C 是极板储存的电荷量与两极间电势差的比值。
C = Q / V
Parallel-plate capacitor: The capacitance depends on the plate area A, separation d and the permittivity of the dielectric ε.
平行板电容器：电容取决于极板面积 A、间距 d 以及电介质的介电常数 ε。
C = ε₀ εᵣ A / d
Energy stored: The energy stored in a charged capacitor can be expressed in three equivalent ways.
储存的能量：充电电容器储存的能量可用三种等价的形式表示。
E = ½ Q V = ½ C V² = ½ Q² / C
Exponential charging and discharging: The charge, voltage and current change exponentially. The time constant τ = RC.
指数充放电：电荷、电压和电流按指数规律变化，时间常数为 τ = RC。
Q = Q₀ e^(− t / RC), V = V₀ e^(− t / RC), I = I₀ e^(− t / RC)
10. Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Induction | 磁场与电磁感应
Force on a current-carrying wire: A straight conductor of length L carrying current I at an angle θ to a uniform magnetic field B experiences a force F = BIL sin θ.
通电导线所受的力：长为 L 的直导线载有电流 I，当与匀强磁场 B 的夹角为 θ 时所受的力为 F = BIL sin θ。
F = B I L sin θ
Force on a moving charge: A particle with charge q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B experiences a force perpendicular to both v and B.
运动电荷所受的力：电荷为 q、以速度 v 在磁场 B 中运动的粒子受到一个垂直于 v 和 B 的力。
F = B q v sin θ
Magnetic flux and flux linkage: Magnetic flux Φ through a coil is the product of the field component perpendicular to the area. Flux linkage NΦ is the total flux through all turns.
磁通量与磁链：穿过线圈的磁通量 Φ 等于磁场垂直于面积的分量与面积的乘积。磁链 NΦ 是所有匝的总磁通量。
Φ = B A cos θ
Flux linkage = N Φ
Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law: The induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage. Lenz’s law gives the direction: the induced current opposes the change causing it.
法拉第定律与楞次定律：感应电动势的大小与磁链的变化率成正比；楞次定律给出方向：感应电流的效果总是反抗引起它的变化。
ε = − N ΔΦ / Δt
Transformers: For an ideal transformer, the ratio of voltages equals the turns ratio, and the input power equals the output power.
变压器：对于理想变压器，电压比等于匝数比，输入功率等于输出功率。
Vₛ / Vₚ = Nₛ / Nₚ
Iₚ Vₚ = Iₛ Vₛ
11. Nuclear and Particle Physics | 核与粒子物理
Mass–energy equivalence: The energy equivalent of a mass m is given by Einstein’s famous equation. This is the basis for nuclear binding energy.
质能等价：质量为 m 的物质所对应的能量由爱因斯坦的著名方程给出，这是核结合
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导