📚 GCSE Edexcel Science: Formula Summary Handbook | GCSE 爱德思科学：公式汇总手册
This handbook brings together all the essential equations you need to master for GCSE Edexcel Science – covering Physics, Chemistry and the quantitative skills threaded through Biology. Use it for quick reference, last-minute revision and to build confidence in using formulas in unfamiliar contexts.
本手册汇总了 GCSE 爱德思科学考试中必须掌握的全部核心公式，涵盖物理、化学以及贯穿生物的定量技能。可用于快速查阅、考前冲刺复习，并帮助你在陌生情境中自信地运用公式。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Motion equations allow you to link distance, time, speed and acceleration. These are the foundation of kinematics in the Physics papers.
运动方程让你将距离、时间、速度和加速度联系起来，这是物理试卷中运动学的基础。
The formula for average speed:
平均速度公式：
v = d / t
Speed (v, in m/s) equals distance (d, in m) divided by time (t, in s).
速度 (v, m/s) 等于距离 (d, m) 除以时间 (t, s)。
Acceleration links change in velocity to time taken:
加速度将速度变化与时间联系起来：
a = (v – u) / t
Acceleration (a, m/s²) is the change in velocity (final velocity v minus initial velocity u, m/s) per unit time (t, s).
加速度 (a, m/s²) 是单位时间内速度的变化（末速度 v 减初速度 u, m/s）。
Newton’s Second Law is central to forces:
牛顿第二定律是力的核心：
F = m × a
Resultant force (F, N) = mass (m, kg) × acceleration (a, m/s²).
合力 (F, N) = 质量 (m, kg) × 加速度 (a, m/s²)。
Weight is a specific force due to gravity:
W = m × g
Weight (W, N) equals mass (m, kg) multiplied by gravitational field strength (g, typically 10 N/kg on Earth).
重力 (W, N) 等于质量 (m, kg) 乘以引力场强 (g, 地球上通常取 10 N/kg)。
Momentum is conserved in collisions:
p = m × v
Momentum (p, kg m/s) = mass (m, kg) × velocity (v, m/s).
动量 (p, kg m/s) = 质量 (m, kg) × 速度 (v, m/s)。
2. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
Energy and work are closely related; these formulas help you calculate transfers and efficiency.
能量和功紧密相关；这些公式用于计算能量转化和效率。
Work done by a force:
W = F × d
Work done (W, J) = force (F, N) × distance moved in the direction of the force (d, m).
做功 (W, J) = 力 (F, N) × 沿力方向移动的距离 (d, m)。
Gravitational potential energy gained by an object lifted:
ΔEp = m × g × Δh
Change in GPE (ΔEp, J) = mass (m, kg) × g (N/kg) × change in height (Δh, m).
重力势能变化 (ΔEp, J) = 质量 (m, kg) × g (N/kg) × 高度变化 (Δh, m)。
Kinetic energy of a moving object:
Ek = ½ × m × v²
Kinetic energy (Ek, J) = half × mass (kg) × (speed in m/s)².
动能 (Ek, J) = ½ × 质量 (kg) × 速度 (m/s) 的平方。
Power – the rate of doing work or transferring energy:
P = W / t or P = E / t
Power (P, W) = work done (J) / time (s), or energy transferred (J) / time (s).
功率 (P, W) = 做功 (J) / 时间 (s)，或传递的能量 (J) / 时间 (s)。
Efficiency compares useful output to total input:
Efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input
Efficiency may be expressed as a decimal or multiplied by 100 for a percentage.
效率 = 有用的输出能量 / 总输入能量，可用小数表示或乘以 100% 表示。
3. Electricity | 电学
Electricity equations link charge, current, potential difference, resistance and power. These are essential for circuit calculations.
电学方程将电荷、电流、电势差、电阻和功率联系起来，是电路计算的关键。
Charge, current and time:
Q = I × t
Charge (Q, C) = current (I, A) × time (t, s).
电荷 (Q, C) = 电流 (I, A) × 时间 (t, s)。
Ohm’s Law relates potential difference, current and resistance:
V = I × R
Potential difference (V, V) = current (A) × resistance (R, Ω).
电势差 (V, V) = 电流 (A) × 电阻 (R, Ω)。
Electrical power in terms of current and p.d.:
P = I × V
Power (P, W) = current (A) × potential difference (V).
功率 (P, W) = 电流 (A) × 电势差 (V)。
Alternative power equation using resistance:
P = I² × R
Use this when you know current and resistance.
当已知电流和电阻时使用该公式。
Energy transferred in a circuit:
E = P × t or E = I × V × t
Energy (E, J) = power (W) × time (s).
能量 (E, J) = 功率 (W) × 时间 (s)。
4. Waves | 波
The wave equation links wave speed, frequency and wavelength. It is used across topics such as sound, light and water waves.
波动方程将波速、频率和波长联系起来，应用于声波、光波和水波等主题。
The key relationship is:
v = f × λ
Wave speed (v, m/s) = frequency (f, Hz) × wavelength (λ, m).
波速 (v, m/s) = 频率 (f, Hz) × 波长 (λ, m)。
Remember to convert units if needed – milliseconds to seconds, centimetres to metres.
必要时转换单位 – 毫秒换算成秒，厘米换算成米。
5. Density and Pressure | 密度与压强
These formulas describe bulk properties of matter and are common in both Physics and Required Practicals.
这些公式描述了物质的宏观性质，常见于物理和必修实验中。
Density relates mass to volume:
ρ = m / V
Density (ρ, kg/m³) = mass (m, kg) / volume (V, m³). For liquids, units may be g/cm³.
密度 (ρ, kg/m³) = 质量 (m, kg) / 体积 (V, m³)。液体也可使用 g/cm³。
Pressure on a surface:
p = F / A
Pressure (p, Pa) = force (N) / area (A, m²).
压强 (p, Pa) = 力 (N) / 面积 (A, m²)。
Pressure in a liquid (depth formula):
p = h × ρ × g
Pressure (Pa) = height of the liquid column (m) × density (kg/m³) × g (N/kg).
液体内部压强 (Pa) = 液柱高度 (m) × 密度 (kg/m³) × g (N/kg)。
6. Chemical Quantities | 化学计量
Moles bridge the gap between the laboratory scale and the atomic scale. These equations are vital for Edexcel Chemistry.
物质的量是连接宏观实验和原子尺度的桥梁，这些方程对爱德思化学至关重要。
Number of moles from mass:
n = m / Mr
Moles (n, mol) = mass (g) / relative formula mass, Mr (g/mol).
物质的量 (n, mol) = 质量 (g) / 相对式量 Mr (g/mol)。
Concentration of a solution (in mol/dm³):
c = n / V
Concentration (c, mol/dm³) = amount of solute (mol) / volume of solution (dm³).
浓度 (c, mol/dm³) = 溶质的物质的量 (mol) / 溶液体积 (dm³)。
Molar gas volume at room temperature and pressure (rtp):
V = n × 24
Volume of gas (dm³) = moles × 24 dm³/mol (at 20 °C and 1 atm).
气体体积 (dm³) = 物质的量 × 24 dm³/mol（在 20 °C、1 atm 下）。
7. Acids, Bases and Titrations | 酸、碱与滴定
Titration calculations let you find unknown concentrations using a known standard solution. The mole ratio from the balanced equation is essential.
滴定计算可利用已知标准溶液求浓度未知的溶液，配平方程中的摩尔比是关键。
General titration formula for a reaction aA + bB → products:
对于反应 aA + bB → 产物，通用滴定公式：
(cA × VA) / a = (cB × VB) / b
Where c is concentration (mol/dm³), V is volume (dm³), and a, b are the stoichiometric coefficients.
其中 c 为浓度 (mol/dm³)，V 为体积 (dm³)，a 和 b 为化学计量系数。
Always convert volumes to dm³ if they are in cm³ (divide by 1000).
体积单位若为 cm³，需除以 1000 转换为 dm³。
The pH scale is logarithmic, but the relationship is given as:
pH = –log₁₀[H⁺]
A higher concentration of H⁺ means a lower pH.
氢离子浓度越高，pH 越低。
8. Rates of Reaction | 反应速率
Rate of reaction is a measure of how quickly a reactant is used up or a product is formed. Calculations often involve graphs.
反应速率衡量反应物消耗或产物生成的快慢，计算常涉及图线。
Mean rate of reaction:
rate = quantity of reactant used or product formed / time
Mean rate (e.g. g/s, cm³/s) = change in mass or volume / time taken.
平均速率 (如 g/s, cm³/s) = 质量或体积的变化 / 时间。
For a graph, the instantaneous rate at a point is the gradient of the tangent.
图线上某点的瞬时速率是该点切线的斜率。
9. Yield and Atom Economy | 产率与原子经济性
These equations evaluate the efficiency of chemical processes and are core to green chemistry and industrial contexts.
这些方程用于评价化学过程的效率，是绿色化学和工业背景的核心内容。
Percentage yield:
% yield = (actual mass of product / theoretical mass of product) × 100
实际产量除以理论产量，乘以 100%。
Atom economy:
atom economy = (Mr of desired product / sum of Mr of all reactants) × 100
Atom economy shows what proportion of the starting atoms end up in the useful product.
原子经济性表示起始原子进入目标产物的比例。
10. Biology: Magnification and Rates | 生物学：放大倍数与速率
Biology may not be formula-heavy, but you must be confident with magnification, conversion of units and rate calculations.
生物虽不以公式为主，但必须熟练掌握放大倍数、单位换算和速率计算。
Magnification of a microscope image:
M = image size / actual size
Magnification = image size (e.g. mm) / real size of the object (in the same units).
放大倍数 = 图像尺寸 / 实物尺寸（单位需一致）。
Rate calculations for processes such as enzyme activity or heart rate:
rate = 1 / time or rate = change in quantity / time
For example, rate of oxygen production (cm³/min) in photosynthesis.
例如，光合作用中叶产氧速率 (cm³/min)。
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