📚 IB & WJEC Physics: Final Revision Checklist | IB与WJEC物理期末复习提纲
Whether you are preparing for the IB Physics exams (Standard or Higher Level) or the WJEC Physics specification, a structured revision checklist can help you identify key topics, essential formulas, and common pitfalls. This guide integrates the core concepts shared by both curricula, highlighting areas where they diverge, so that you can streamline your final revision. Use this checklist to assess your confidence in each topic and to target your practice effectively.
无论你在为IB物理考试（标准或高级水平）还是WJEC物理考试做准备，一份结构化的复习提纲都能帮助你识别关键主题、必备公式和常见易错点。本指南整合了这两个课程共有的核心概念，并指出它们之间的区别，以便你能高效地进行期末复习。用这份清单来评估你对每个主题的信心，并有针对性地练习。
1. Measurement and Uncertainties | 测量与不确定度
In both IB and WJEC, understanding measurement, errors, and uncertainties is fundamental. IB requires detailed treatment of uncertainties, including propagation of errors, while WJEC covers accuracy, precision, and simple error analysis. You must be able to distinguish between random and systematic errors, calculate absolute and percentage uncertainties, and express final results with appropriate significant figures.
在IB和WJEC中，对测量、误差和不确定度的理解是基础。IB要求详细处理不确定度，包括误差的传播，而WJEC涵盖准确度、精确度和简单的误差分析。你必须能区分随机误差和系统误差，计算绝对和相对不确定度，并以适当有效数字表示最终结果。
Key vocabulary: accuracy (closeness to true value), precision (spread of repeated measurements), absolute uncertainty, fractional uncertainty, and percentage uncertainty. IB students should also be able to combine uncertainties for addition/subtraction (add absolute) and multiplication/division (add percentage). WJEC may focus more on interpreting instrument resolution and simple uncertainty in a single measurement.
核心词汇：准确度（与真值接近程度），精密度（重复测量的离散程度），绝对不确定度，相对不确定度和百分比不确定度。IB学生还需要能够进行不确定度的合成：加减运算（加绝对不确定度），乘除运算（加百分比不确定度）。WJEC可能更侧重于仪器分辨率解读和单次测量的简单不确定度。
Percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / measured value) x 100%
百分比不确定度 = (绝对不确定度 / 测量值) x 100%
| Error Type 误差类型 | Description 描述 | Reduction 减小方法 |
|---|---|---|
| Random 随机 | Unpredictable fluctuations; reading error 不可预测的波动；读数误差 | Repeat and average; increase sample size 重复并取平均值；增加样本量 |
| Systematic 系统 | Consistent bias; zero error, calibration issue 恒定偏差；零点误差、校准问题 | Calibrate instrument; correct for zero error 校准仪器；修正零点误差 |
2. Mechanics | 力学
Mechanics is a cornerstone of both syllabuses, covering kinematics, dynamics, energy, momentum, and impulses. You must be able to apply SUVAT equations for constant acceleration, interpret motion graphs, and solve problems involving forces, free-body diagrams, and Newton’s laws. Momentum conservation is crucial, with IB often including two-dimensional collisions and rocket propulsion, while WJEC stays mostly in one dimension.
力学是两门课程的核心，涵盖运动学、动力学、能量、动量和冲量。你必须能应用匀加速运动的SUVAT方程，解读运动图像，并解决涉及力、受力分析和牛顿定律的问题。动量守恒至关重要，IB通常包括二维碰撞和火箭推进，而WJEC主要停留在一维情况。
For energy, both courses require the calculation of kinetic energy (½mv²), gravitational potential energy (mgh), and the work-energy theorem. Power and efficiency are standard. IB HL extends to elastic and inelastic collisions in detail, requiring vector resolution for 2D momentum.
在能量方面，两门课程都需要计算动能(½mv²)、重力势能(mgh)以及功能定理。功率和效率是标准内容。IB高级水平还会详细涉及弹性碰撞和非弹性碰撞，要求用矢量分解处理二维动量。
v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as, s = (u+v)/2 x t
v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as, s = (u+v)/2 x t
Common mistake: mixing up vector and scalar quantities. Remember, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum are vectors; speed, distance, energy are scalars. Always define a positive direction.
常见错误：混淆矢量和标量。记住，速度、加速度、力、动量是矢量；速率、路程、能量是标量。始终定义正方向。
3. Thermal Physics | 热学
Thermal physics involves temperature, heat, internal energy, and the behaviour of ideal gases. IB covers specific heat capacity, latent heat, and the first law of thermodynamics (ΔU = Q + W), whereas WJEC focuses on temperature scales, heating curves, and simple calculations of energy transfer Q = mcΔθ. IB HL includes the kinetic model and molecular interpretation of pressure.
热学涉及温度、热量、内能以及理想气体的行为。IB涵盖比热容、潜热和热力学第一定律(ΔU = Q + W)，WJEC则侧重于温标、加热曲线和简单的能量传递计算Q = mcΔθ。IB高级水平还包括动力学模型和对压力的分子解释。
You should be able to explain the difference between heat and temperature, interpret phase changes, and calculate energy required for temperature change or state change. For ideal gases, know the equation pV = nRT (IB) and Boyle’s, Charles’ laws (WJEC).
你应能解释热量与温度的区别，解读相变过程，并计算温度变化或状态变化所需的能量。对于理想气体，要掌握方程pV = nRT (IB)以及波意耳定律、查理定律(WJEC)。
IB students must also handle the specific latent heat of fusion and vaporisation (L = Q/m) and understand that during a phase change, temperature remains constant while internal energy increases. WJEC emphasises practical determination of specific heat capacity.
IB学生还必须掌握比潜热（熔解热和汽化热，L = Q/m），并理解在相变过程中温度保持不变而内能增加。WJEC则强调通过实验测定比热容。
4. Waves | 波动
Wave phenomena such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and polarisation appear in both specifications. IB covers these in depth, including single-slit diffraction, double-slit interference, and the resolution limits due to diffraction. WJEC includes wave properties, the electromagnetic spectrum, and basic superposition.
波动现象如反射、折射、衍射、干涉和偏振在两项课程中均有涉及。IB深入涵盖这些内容，包括单缝衍射、双缝干涉以及衍射导致的极限分辨率。WJEC则包括波的性质、电磁波谱和基本的叠加原理。
Key equations: wave speed v = fλ, refractive index n = c/v, Snell’s law n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂. For IB, double-slit spacing Δx = λD/d and single-slit minima a sinθ = nλ. Polarisation confirms transverse nature of light.
关键公式：波速v = fλ，折射率n = c/v，斯涅尔定律n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂。对于IB，双缝间距Δx = λD/d，单缝暗纹a sinθ = nλ。偏振证实光的横波特性。
Both courses require interpretation of standing waves in strings and pipes. Harmonics: string fixed at both ends λn = 2L/n; pipe open at both ends same; pipe closed at one end λn = 4L/n (odd n).
两门课程都要求解释弦和管中的驻波。谐波：两端固定的弦λn = 2L/n；两端开口管同样；一端闭管λn = 4L/n (n为奇数)。
5. Electricity and Magnetism | 电磁学
Circuit analysis, Ohm’s law, resistance, and electromagnetism form a major part of both courses. IB includes internal resistance, potential dividers, Kirchhoff’s laws, and the effect of magnetic fields on moving charges (Lorentz force) and conductors. WJEC covers current, voltage, resistance, and basic circuits, with some magnetism.
电路分析、欧姆定律、电阻和电磁学是两门课程的主要部分。IB包括内阻、分压器、基尔霍夫定律以及磁场对运动电荷（洛伦兹力）和导线的作用。WJEC涵盖电流、电压、电阻和基本电路，并包含一些磁学内容。
You must be proficient in using V = IR, P = IV = I²R = V²/R. For IB HL, understand the operation of a potentiometer circuit and capacitor charging/discharging (Q = Q₀ e^(-t/RC) etc.).
你必须熟练使用V = IR, P = IV = I²R = V²/R。对于IB高级水平，要理解电位差计电路的工作以及电容器的充放电（Q = Q₀ e^(-t/RC)等）。
Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire F = BIL sinθ, and on a moving charge F = qvB sinθ. WJEC may focus on the motor effect and electromagnetic induction qualitatively.
磁场对载流导线的作用力F = BIL sinθ，对运动电荷的作用力F = qvB sinθ。WJEC可能定性地关注电动机效应和电磁感应。
6. Circular Motion and Gravitation | 圆周运动与引力
Circular motion is treated in both IB (HL and SL) and WJEC (A2). You need to understand centripetal acceleration a = v²/r = ω²r, and the associated force F = mv²/r. Gravitational fields and Newton’s law of gravitation F = Gm₁m₂/r² are essential. For IB HL, gravitational field strength g = GM/r² and potential φ = -GM/r are required; WJEC covers satellite motion and Kepler’s laws.
圆周运动在IB（高级和标准级）和WJEC（A2）中均有涉及。你需要理解向心加速度a = v²/r = ω²r，以及相应的力F = mv²/r。引力场和牛顿万有引力定律F = Gm₁m₂/r²至关重要。IB高级水平要求掌握引力场强度g = GM/r²和引力势φ = -GM/r；WJEC涵盖卫星运动和开普勒定律。
Common applications: banked tracks, satellites in orbit (geostationary), and weightlessness. Ensure you can derive the relationship T² ∝ r³ for circular orbits.
常见应用：倾斜弯道、卫星轨道（地球静止轨道）以及失重现象。确保你能推导圆轨道的周期平方与半径立方成正比关系(T² ∝ r³)。
7. Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics | 原子、核与粒子物理
This section includes atomic structure, radioactivity, nuclear reactions, and, in IB, an introduction to particle physics. Both specifications cover alpha, beta, gamma decay, half-life, and binding energy. IB students must be familiar with the standard model, quarks, leptons, exchange particles, and Feynman diagrams. WJEC concentrates on nuclear decay equations, fission, fusion, and uses of radioisotopes.
这一部分包括原子结构、放射性、核反应，在IB中还包括粒子物理入门。两项课程均涵盖α、β、γ衰变、半衰期和结合
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