IGCSE OCR Physics: Mind Map Quick Revision | IGCSE OCR 物理：思维导图速记

📚 IGCSE OCR Physics: Mind Map Quick Revision | IGCSE OCR 物理：思维导图速记

This mind map style quick revision guide summarises the most important concepts, equations and definitions for the IGCSE OCR Physics syllabus. Use it to connect ideas and secure key knowledge before your exam.

这篇思维导图式快速复习指南总结了IGCSE OCR物理大纲中最重要的概念、公式和定义。用它来串联思路，巩固关键知识，备战考试。

1. Matter and Thermal Physics | 物质与热学

States of matter: solid has fixed shape and volume, liquid has fixed volume but changing shape, gas has no fixed shape or volume. Intermolecular forces are strongest in solids and weakest in gases.

物质状态：固体有固定的形状和体积，液体有固定的体积但形状可变，气体没有固定的形状或体积。分子间作用力在固体中最强，气体中最弱。

Density (ρ) = mass / volume. Units: kg/m³ or g/cm³. An object floats if its density is less than the fluid’s density.

密度 (ρ) = 质量 / 体积。单位：kg/m³ 或 g/cm³。若物体密度小于流体密度，则会上浮。

Internal energy = total kinetic energy + potential energy of particles. Heating increases internal energy; change of state occurs at constant temperature while potential energy increases.

内能 = 粒子的总动能 + 势能。加热增加内能；状态改变时温度不变，势能增加。

Specific heat capacity: E = m c Δθ, where c is energy needed to raise 1 kg of substance by 1 °C. Water has high c (4200 J/kg°C).

比热容：E = m c Δθ，c 是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量。水的比热容高 (4200 J/kg°C)。

Specific latent heat: L = E / m (energy per kg for change of state, no temperature change). Latent heat of fusion (solid-liquid) and vaporisation (liquid-gas).

比潜热：L = E / m (状态改变时每千克所需的能量，温度不变)。熔化潜热（固-液）和气化潜热（液-气）。

Gas laws: for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, pressure × volume = constant (Boyle’s law: p₁V₁ = p₂V₂). Pressure is caused by particles colliding with container walls.

气体定律：一定质量的气体在温度不变时，压强 × 体积为常数（玻意耳定律：p₁V₁ = p₂V₂）。压强由粒子碰撞容器壁产生。

2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动

Scalar quantities have magnitude only (e.g., speed, distance, mass). Vector quantities have magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement, force, acceleration).

标量只有大小（如速率、路程、质量）。矢量既有大小又有方向（如速度、位移、力、加速度

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