📚 100 High-Frequency AP Psychology Terms | AP 心理学高频词汇 100 词
Mastering the terminology of psychology is essential for success on the AP Psychology exam. The following 100 terms are selected based on their high frequency in multiple-choice questions, free-response prompts, and core concepts across all major units. Each term is presented with a concise definition in English and its Chinese equivalent, organized by topic for efficient review.
掌握心理学专业术语是AP心理学考试成功的关键。以下100个词汇是根据其在选择题、自由作答题目中出现的频率以及涵盖所有主要单元的核心概念而精选的。每个术语都配有简洁的英文定义和对应的中文释义，按主题组织以便高效复习。
1. History and Approaches | 历史与流派
This section covers foundational perspectives and key figures that shaped modern psychology.
本部分涵盖塑造现代心理学的基础视角与关键人物。
Empiricism: The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation.
经验主义：认为知识来源于经验，科学应当依靠观察和实验的观点。
Structuralism: An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
结构主义：早期的心理学流派，使用内省法探索人类心理的基本结构。
Functionalism: A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
功能主义：关注心理与行为过程如何运作的心理学流派，即它们如何使有机体适应、生存和繁衍。
Behaviorism: The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
行为主义：认为心理学应当是一门客观科学，只研究行为而不涉及心理过程的观点。
Humanistic Psychology: A perspective that emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.
人本主义心理学：强调健康人的成长潜能以及个体自我实现潜能的视角。
Psychoanalysis: Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; also the therapeutic techniques used to treat psychological disorders by exposing and interpreting unconscious tensions.
精神分析：弗洛伊德的人格理论，将思想和行为归因于无意识动机与冲突；也指通过揭示和解释无意识紧张来治疗心理障碍的技术。
Biopsychosocial Approach: An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
生物心理社会取向：一种整合了生物、心理与社会文化三个分析层面的综合性视角。
Nature-Nurture Issue: The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
先天与后天之争：关于基因与经验在心理特质和行为发展中相对贡献的长期争论。
Basic Research: Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
基础研究：旨在增加科学知识储备的纯科学研究。
Applied Research: Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
应用研究：旨在解决实际问题的科学研究。
2. Research Methods | 研究方法
Understanding research design, data analysis, and ethical considerations is vital for evaluating psychological studies.
理解研究设计、数据分析和伦理考量对于评估心理学研究至关重要。
Hypothesis: A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
假设：一种可检验的预测，通常由理论推导而来。
Operational Definition: A statement of the procedures used to define research variables, allowing others to replicate the study.
操作性定义：用以界定研究变量的程序说明，使他人能够重复该研究。
Independent Variable (IV): The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
自变量：被操纵的实验因素；其效果被研究的变量。
Dependent Variable (DV): The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
因变量：结果因素；可能随自变量操纵而变化的变量。
Confounding Variable: A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.
混淆变量：实验中除自变量外可能产生效应的其他因素。
Random Assignment: Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those groups.
随机分配：通过偶然性将参与者分配到实验组和控制组，从而最小化组间既存差异。
Double-Blind Procedure: An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
双盲程序：一种实验程序，研究参与者与研究人员均不知道参与者接受的是治疗还是安慰剂。
Placebo Effect: Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
安慰剂效应：仅由期望引起的实验结果；因给予接受者认为含活性成分但实际上为惰性物质或条件而产生的行为效应。
Correlation Coefficient: A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.0 to +1.0).
相关系数：表示两个事物之间关系的统计指标（范围从-1.0到+1.0）。
Informed Consent: An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
知情同意：一项伦理原则，要求向研究参与者提供足够信息以便其自行决定是否参与。
3. Biological Bases of Behavior | 行为的生物学基础
Neural communication, brain structures, and the endocrine system form the hardware of psychological experience.
神经传递、脑结构以及内分泌系统构成了心理体验的硬件基础。
Neuron: A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
神经元：神经细胞；神经系统的基本构成单位。
Action Potential: A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
动作电位：神经冲动；沿轴突传导的短暂电信号。
Synapse: The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
突触：发送神经元轴突末梢与接收神经元树突或胞体之间的连接点。
Neurotransmitter: Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.
神经递质：穿过神经元之间突触间隙的化学信使。
Endorphins: “Morphine within” — natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
内啡肽：“体内的吗啡”——与疼痛控制和愉悦感有关的天然类阿片神经递质。
Cerebral Cortex: The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.
大脑皮层：覆盖在大脑半球表面的相互连接的神经细胞薄层；身体的最终控制与信息处理中心。
Plasticity: The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
可塑性：大脑改变的能力，尤其在童年期，通过损伤后重组或根据经验建立新通路来实现。
Corpus Callosum: The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
胼胝体：连接大脑两半球并传递信息的大束神经纤维。
Split Brain: A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.
裂脑：因手术切断连接两半球的纤维而使两半球相互隔离的状况。
Limbic System: A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex.
边缘系统：位于脑干与大脑半球交界处的环状神经系统；与恐惧、攻击等情绪以及摄食、性等驱力有关。
4. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉
How we detect physical energy from the environment and interpret it as meaningful experiences.
我们如何探测来自环境的物理能量并将其解释为有意义的体验。
Sensation: The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
感觉：我们的感受器和神经系统接收并表征来自环境的刺激能量的过程。
Perception: The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
知觉：组织并解释感觉信息的过程，使我们能识别有意义的物体和事件。
Absolute Threshold: The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
绝对阈限：有50%的次数能觉察到某种刺激所需的最小刺激量。
Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference): The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time.
差别阈限（最小可觉差）：有50%的次数能觉察到两种刺激之间差异的最小差异量。
Sensory Adaptation: Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
感觉适应：因持续刺激而导致的敏感性下降。
Selective Attention: The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
选择性注意：将意识聚焦于某个特定刺激。
Gestalt: An organized whole; Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
格式塔：一个组织化的整体；格式塔心理学家强调我们将信息片段整合为有意义整体的倾向。
Depth Perception: The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
深度知觉：尽管落在视网膜上的图像是二维的，但我们仍能感知三维物体并判断距离的能力。
Perceptual Constancy: Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.
知觉恒常性：即使光线和视网膜图像改变，仍将物体知觉为不变（形状、大小、亮度和颜色保持恒定）的倾向。
Monocular Cues: Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
单眼线索：如遮挡和线条透视等只需单眼即可利用的深度线索。
5. States of Consciousness | 意识状态
Conscious and unconscious processes, sleep, dreams, and the effects of psychoactive drugs.
意识与无意识过程、睡眠、梦以及精神活性药物的影响。
Consciousness: Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
意识：我们对自身和环境的觉知。
Circadian Rhythm: The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
昼夜节律：生物钟；以24小时为周期发生的规律性身体节律。
REM Sleep: Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
快速眼动睡眠：快速眼动睡眠；一个重复出现的睡眠阶段，其间常发生生动梦境。
Insomnia: Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
失眠：反复出现入睡困难或难以保持睡眠状态的问题。
Hypnosis: A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
催眠：一种社会交互过程，其中一方暗示另一方某些知觉、感受、想法或行为将自发发生。
Tolerance: The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
耐受性：长期使用相同剂量药物后效应减弱，导致使用者需要服用越来越大的剂量才能体验到药物效果。
Withdrawal: The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
戒断反应：停止使用成瘾药物后出现的不适与痛苦。
Depressants: Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
抑制剂：降低神经活动并减缓身体功能的药物（如酒精、巴比妥类和鸦片类药物）。
Stimulants: Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
兴奋剂：兴奋神经活动并加速身体功能的药物（如咖啡因、尼古丁以及更强效的安非他命、可卡因和摇头丸）。
Hallucinogens: Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
致幻剂：能扭曲知觉并在无感觉输入时引发感觉意象的迷幻药物，如LSD。
6. Learning | 学习
Relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
由于经验而导致的相对持久的行为变化，包括经典条件作用、操作性条件作用和观察学习。
Classical Conditioning: A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
经典条件作用：一种学习类型，个体学会将两个或多个刺激联系起来并预期事件。
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
无条件刺激：能够自然地、自动地引发反应的刺激。
Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
条件反应：对先前中性（但现已成为条件刺激）的刺激所习得的反应。
Acquisition: The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
习得：经典条件作用的初始阶段；将中性刺激与无条件刺激建立关联，从而使中性刺激能够引发条件反应的阶段。
Extinction: The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).
消退：条件反应的减弱；在经典条件作用中，当条件刺激(CS)之后不再呈现无条件刺激(US)时发生。
Operant Conditioning: A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
操作性条件作用：一种学习类型，行为若被强化物跟随则增强，若被惩罚物跟随则减弱。
Reinforcement: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
强化：任何能增强其后续行为的事件。
Shaping: An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
塑造：操作性条件作用的一种程序，用强化物引导行为逐步接近并最终达到期望行为。
Observational Learning: Learning by observing others.
观察学习：通过观察他人而进行的学习。
Mirror Neurons: Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.
镜像神经元：位于额叶的神经元，在自己执行某些动作或观察他人执行同样动作时都会放电；大脑对他人的动作的镜像反应可能使模仿和共情成为可能。
7. Memory | 记忆
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
通过信息的储存和提取，学习随时间延续的持久性。
Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
编码：将信息处理进入记忆系统的过程，例如通过提取意义。
Storage: The retention of encoded information over time.
储存：编码信息随时间的保持。
Retrieval: The process of getting information out of memory storage.
提取：将信息从记忆储存中取出的过程。
Short-Term Memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing.
短时记忆：暂时保持少量项目的激活记忆，如拨号时暂记的七个数字。
Long-Term Memory: The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
长时记忆：记忆系统中相对持久且容量无限的储存库，包括知识、技能和经历。
Working Memory: A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
工作记忆：对短时记忆的新理解，强调对输入的听觉和视觉空间信息以及从长时记忆中提取的信息进行的有意识的主动加工。
Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
组块：将项目组织成熟悉、易于处理的单元；通常自动发生。
Mnemonics: Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
记忆术：记忆辅助手段，尤指运用生动意象和组织策略的技巧。
Retrograde Amnesia: An inability to retrieve information from one’s past.
逆行性遗忘：无法提取过去信息的情形。
Anterograde Amnesia: An inability to form new memories.
顺行性遗忘：无法形成新记忆的情形。
8. Thinking, Language, and Intelligence | 思维、语言与智力
Higher-order mental processes including problem solving, decision making, language development, and the measurement of intelligence.
包括问题解决、决策、语言发展以及智力测量在内的高级心理过程。
Concept: A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
概念：对相似物体、事件、思想或人的心理分组。
Algorithm: A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
算法：一种有条理的、合乎逻辑的规则或程序，能够保证解决某一特定问题。
Heuristic: A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
启发式：一种简单的思维策略，常能使我们高效地做出判断和解决问题；通常比算法更快但更易出错。
Confirmation Bias: A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
证实偏见：倾向于寻找支持我们先入之见的信息而忽视或扭曲相反证据。
Fixation: The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.
固着：无法从新的角度看待问题，即不能采用不同的心理定势。
Phoneme: In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
音素：语言中最小的区别性语音单位。
Morpheme: In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
词素：语言中最小的意义承载单位；可以是一个词或词的一部分（如前缀）。
Babbling Stage: Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
咿呀语阶段：约从4个月开始，婴儿自发发出各种最初与家庭语言无关的声音的言语发育阶段。
Intelligence: Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
智力：由从经验中学习、解决问题以及运用知识适应新情境的能力构成的心理品质。
Standardization: Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
标准化：通过与预先测试群体的表现进行比较来定义有意义分数。
9. Motivation and Emotion | 动机与情绪
Internal processes that energize and direct behavior, and the complex interplay of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
激活并引导行为的内部过程，以及生理唤醒、表达行为与主观体验之间复杂的相互作用。
Drive-Reduction Theory: The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
驱力降低理论：认为生理需要会制造一种唤醒的紧张状态（驱力），从而推动有机体去满足该需要的观点。
Incentive: A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
诱因：能激发行为的正面或负面环境刺激。
Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
需要层次：马斯洛提出的人类需求金字塔，从底部必须先被满足的生理需要开始，然后是安全需要，再上升到心理需要。
Set Point: The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set; when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
设定点：假定的个体“体重恒温器”所设定的数值；当体重低于该点时，饥饿感增强和代谢率降低会促使恢复失去的体重。
James-Lange Theory: The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
詹姆斯-兰格理论：认为我们对情绪的体验是对引发情绪的刺激所产生的生理反应的意识的理论。
Cannon-Bard Theory: The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
坎农-巴德理论：认为引发情绪的刺激会同时触发生理反应和主观情绪体验的理论。
Two-Factor Theory: The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
双因素理论：沙赫特-辛格的理论，认为要体验情绪，必须同时具备生理唤醒和对该唤醒的认知标签。
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
一般适应综合征：塞里提出的概念，指身体对应激的适应性反应分为三个阶段——警觉、抵抗和衰竭。
Approach-Approach Conflict: Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives.
双趋冲突：因必须在两个吸引人的选项间做出选择而产生的冲突。
Arousal Theory: Theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.
唤醒理论：一种动机理论，认为人们被驱动去维持最佳水平的警觉性以及身体和心理激活状态。
10. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学
Physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the life span, from conception to death.
个体从受孕到死亡整个生命历程中的生理、认知和社会性变化。
Teratogens: Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
致畸物：能在产前发育期间到达胚胎或胎儿并造成伤害的物质，如化学物和病毒。
Object Permanence: The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
客体永久性：认识到物体即使未被感知也依然存在的能力。
Conservation: The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
守恒：即使物体的形式改变，质量、体积和数量等属性仍保持不变的原则。
Egocentrism: In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.
自我中心：皮亚杰理论中，前运算阶段儿童难以从他人角度看问题的现象。
Attachment: An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
依恋：与另一人形成的情感纽带；在幼儿身上表现为寻求与照料者的亲近以及分离时的痛苦。
Authoritative Parenting: A parenting style characterized by high responsiveness and high demands; parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits.
权威型教养：一种高回应与高要求的教养方式；父母充满关爱、反应敏锐并给予支持，同时设立明确界限。
Identity vs. Role Confusion: Erikson’s fifth stage, during which adolescents explore different possibilities and develop a sense of self.
同一性 vs. 角色混淆：埃里克森的第五阶段，青少年在此阶段探索各种可能性并形成自我意识。
Menarche: The first menstrual period, a key marker of puberty in females.
月经初潮：第一次月经，是女性青春期的一个关键标志。
Crystallized Intelligence: Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
晶体智力：我们积累的知识和言语技能；往往随年龄增长而上升。
Fluid Intelligence: Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
流体智力：快速且抽象地推理的能力；在成年晚期趋于下降。
11. Personality and Social Psychology | 人格与社会心理学
Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving, and how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another.
持久的思维、情感与行为模式，以及个体如何思考、影响他人并与他人建立联系。
Id: A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle.
本我：弗洛伊德所称的储存无意识心理能量的容器，力求满足基本的性驱力和攻击驱力，按快乐原则行事。
Superego: The part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.
超我：人格中代表内化理想、提供判断标准和未来抱负的部分。
Defense Mechanisms: In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
防御机制：精神分析理论中，自我通过
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