📚 AP Psychology High-Frequency Terms Compilation | AP心理学高频术语汇总
Whether you are preparing for the AP Psychology exam or building a solid foundation in psychological science, mastering high-frequency terminology is essential. This glossary presents must-know terms organized by topic, each accompanied by a concise definition and a contextual example to solidify your understanding. From research methods to social psychology, these terms empower you to decode complex concepts and write precise free-response answers.
无论你是在备考AP心理学考试，还是希望打下心理科学的坚实基础，掌握高频术语都至关重要。本词汇表按主题整理必知术语，每个术语都配有简明的定义和情境示例，以巩固你的理解。从研究方法到社会心理学，这些术语能帮助你解读复杂概念，并在自由作答题中写出准确的答案。
1. Research Methods | 研究方法
Independent Variable (IV): The factor that the experimenter intentionally manipulates to observe its effect on the dependent variable. In a study testing whether caffeine improves memory recall, the IV is the amount of caffeine administered (e.g., 0 mg vs. 200 mg).
自变量 (IV): 实验者有意操纵的因素，以观察其对因变量的影响。在一项测试咖啡因是否能提高记忆提取的研究中，自变量是给予的咖啡因剂量（例如0毫克 vs. 200毫克）。
Dependent Variable (DV): The measurable outcome or behavior that is observed and recorded; it depends on the independent variable. In the caffeine study, the DV would be the number of words correctly recalled from a list.
因变量 (DV): 可测量的结果或行为，被观察和记录；它取决于自变量。在咖啡因研究中，因变量可能是从列表中正确回忆出的单词数量。
Control Group: A group of participants that does not receive the experimental treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison. In a drug trial, the control group receives a placebo, allowing researchers to determine if the drug’s effects are genuine.
控制组: 未接受实验处理的一组参与者，作为比较的基线。在药物试验中，控制组接受安慰剂，从而让研究者判断药物的效果是否真实。
Random Assignment: Placing participants into experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing preexisting differences. This process is crucial for establishing cause-and-effect relationships because it balances individual variations across conditions.
随机分配: 通过偶然性将参与者分配至实验组和控制组，最大限度地减少预先存在的差异。这一过程对于建立因果关系至关重要，因为它能平衡不同条件下的个体差异。
2. Biological Bases of Behavior | 行为的生物基础
Neuron: A specialized nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals. It consists of a cell body (soma), dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that sends impulses. Action potentials travel down the axon to terminal buttons, triggering neurotransmitter release.
神经元: 一种特化的神经细胞，负责传递电信号和化学信号。它由细胞体（胞体）、接受信号的树突以及发出冲动的轴突组成。动作电位沿轴突传导至终扣，引发神经递质的释放。
Synapse: The tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another. Neurotransmitters cross this synaptic cleft and bind to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron, enabling communication.
突触: 一个神经元的轴突末梢与另一个神经元的树突之间的微小间隙。神经递质穿过这个突触间隙，与突触后神经元上的受体位点结合，从而实现信息传递。
Neurotransmitter (e.g., Dopamine): Chemical messengers that influence movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Dopamine is strongly linked to reward and pleasure; its dysregulation is associated with Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia.
神经递质（如多巴胺）: 化学信使，影响运动、学习、注意力和情绪。多巴胺与奖赏和愉悦密切相关；其失调与帕金森病和精神分裂症有关。
Sympathetic Nervous System: A division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body for action during stress, triggering the fight-or-flight response. It increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and inhibits digestion.
交感神经系统: 自主神经系统的一个分支，能在应激时调动身体行动，触发“战斗或逃跑”反应。它会加快心率、放大瞳孔并抑制消化。
3. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉
Absolute Threshold: The minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time. For example, the absolute threshold for hearing is the faintest sound a person can hear on half of the presentations.
绝对阈限: 有一半次数能被察觉到的刺激最小强度。例如，听觉的绝对阈限是在半数呈现次数中能够听到的最微弱声音。
Transduction: The process of converting sensory stimuli (e.g., light waves, sound waves) into neural impulses. In vision, transduction occurs in the retina when photoreceptors convert light into electrochemical signals sent to the brain.
换能: 将感觉刺激（如光波、声波）转化为神经冲动的过程。在视觉中，当视网膜中的光感受器将光转化为传至大脑的电化学信号时，就发生了换能。
Top-Down Processing: Perception guided by prior knowledge, expectations, and context. When you read a sentence with a misspelled word but still comprehend it, you are using top-down processing to fill in the gaps.
自上而下加工: 由已有知识、期望和情境引导的知觉。当你阅读一个含有拼写错误的句子但仍能理解时，你就在运用自上而下加工来填补空缺。
Gestalt Principle (Closure): The tendency to perceive incomplete figures as whole. Our brain fills in missing visual information, such as perceiving a broken circle as a complete circle.
格式塔原则（闭合性）: 将不完整的图形知觉为整体的倾向。我们的大脑会填补缺失的视觉信息，例如把一个有缺口的圆知觉为一个完整的圆。
4. Learning | 学习
Classical Conditioning: A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response. Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate (conditioned response) to a bell (conditioned stimulus) after it was repeatedly paired with food (unconditioned stimulus).
经典条件作用: 一种学习过程，中性刺激与自然引发反应的刺激形成联结。巴甫洛夫的狗在铃声（条件刺激）与食物（无条件刺激）多次配对后，学会了听到铃声就分泌唾液（条件反应）。
Operant Conditioning (Positive Reinforcement): A method of learning in which behavior is strengthened by adding a desirable stimulus. A student who receives praise after completing homework is more likely to repeat the homework behavior.
操作性条件作用（正强化）: 通过添加令人满意的刺激来增强行为的学习方法。一名完成作业后受到表扬的学生，更有可能再次完成作业。
Observational Learning: Learning by watching and imitating others. Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children who observed an adult behaving aggressively toward a doll were likely to imitate that aggression.
观察学习: 通过观察和模仿他人进行学习。班杜拉的波波玩偶实验表明，观察到成人对玩偶做出攻击行为的儿童，更可能模仿这种攻击。
5. Cognition | 认知
Working Memory: A limited-capacity system that temporarily holds and manipulates information. It allows you to mentally solve a math problem or remember a phone number just long enough to dial it.
工作记忆: 一个容量有限的系统，暂时保存和操作信息。它使你能够在心里解决数学问题，或记住一个电话号码直到拨打完毕。
Explicit Memory: Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously recall, including semantic memory (general knowledge) and episodic memory (personal events). Remembering the capital of France is semantic, while recalling your first day of school is episodic.
外显记忆: 能够有意识地回忆的事实与经历的记忆，包括语义记忆（一般知识）和情景记忆（个人事件）。记住法国的首都是语义记忆，而回忆入学的第一天是情景记忆。
Confirmation Bias: The tendency to search for, favor, and remember information that confirms pre-existing beliefs. A person who believes left-handed people are more creative may notice only examples that support this view while ignoring contradictory evidence.
确认偏差: 倾向于搜索、偏好和记住能证实已有信念的信息。一个相信左撇子更有创造力的人，可能只注意到支持这一观点的例子，而忽略矛盾的证据。
Availability Heuristic: A mental shortcut where judgments are based on how easily examples come to mind. After seeing several news reports about plane crashes, a person might overestimate the danger of flying, though statistically it is safer than driving.
可得性启发: 一种基于事例在脑海中浮现的容易程度来做判断的心理捷径。在看过几起飞机失事新闻后，人们可能会高估飞行的危险性，尽管统计上飞行比开车更安全。
6. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学
Object Permanence: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Piaget found that this ability typically develops during the sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years). An infant who searches for a hidden toy demonstrates object permanence.
客体永久性: 理解即使物体看不见、听不到或摸不着，它们仍然存在。皮亚杰发现这一能力通常在感知运动阶段（出生到约2岁）发展起来。一个寻找被藏起玩具的婴儿就表现出了客体永久性。
Secure Attachment: A healthy emotional bond characterized by an infant’s trust that the caregiver will be responsive and available. In Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, securely attached children explore freely while the caregiver is present and seek comfort upon reunion after separation.
安全型依恋: 一种健康的情感纽带，其特征是婴儿相信照料者会做出回应并始终在场。在安斯沃斯的陌生情境中，安全型依恋的儿童在照料者在场时自由探索，分开后重聚时会寻求安慰。
Conservation: The understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement. Piaget’s preoperational children (ages 2-7) struggle with conservation tasks, such as recognizing that a tall narrow glass contains the same liquid as a short wide glass.
守恒: 理解尽管形状或排列发生改变，但数量保持不变。皮亚杰的前运算阶段儿童（2-7岁）在守恒任务上有困难，例如认识到一个高细杯子和一个矮粗杯子盛有相同量的液体。
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Vygotsky’s concept describing the gap between what a learner can do independently and what can be achieved with guidance. Effective instruction targets the ZPD, providing scaffolding to help the learner advance.
最近发展区 (ZPD): 维果茨基的概念，描述学习者独立完成的水平与在指导下能够达到的水平之间的差距。有效的教学瞄准最近发展区，通过提供支架帮助学习者进步。
7. Motivation, Emotion, and Stress | 动机、情绪与压力
Homeostasis: The body’s tendency to maintain a stable, balanced internal state. Drive-reduction theory suggests that when homeostasis is disrupted (e.g., by hunger), a drive emerges to restore balance, motivating behavior like eating.
内稳态: 身体维持稳定、平衡的内部状态的倾向。驱力降低理论认为，当内稳态被打破时（如饥饿），就会产生驱力来恢复平衡，从而激发饮食等行为。
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: A motivational model arranged in a pyramid, starting with physiological needs (food, water) at the base, followed by safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization at the top. Lower needs must generally be satisfied before higher motives can guide behavior.
马斯洛需求层次: 一种金字塔形的动机模型，底层为生理需要（食物、水），向上依次为安全需要、归属与爱的需要、尊重需要，顶层为自我实现。通常较低层次的需要必须得到满足，更高层次的动机才能引导行为。
James-Lange Theory of Emotion: The theory that physiological arousal precedes the conscious experience of emotion. According to this view, you feel sad because you cry, and you feel afraid because your heart races and you tremble.
詹姆斯-兰格情绪理论: 认为生理唤醒先于情绪的意识体验的理论。按此观点，你因为哭泣而感到悲伤，因为心跳加快和颤抖而感到恐惧。
Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer): Emotion results from the combination of physiological arousal and a cognitive label applied to that arousal. In their famous study, participants injected with epinephrine interpreted their arousal as anger or euphoria depending on the social context.
双因素理论（沙赫特-辛格）: 情绪源于生理唤醒与对唤醒进行的认知标记的结合。在他们著名的研究中，注射了肾上腺素的参与者根据社会情境将自身的唤醒解释为愤怒或欣快。
8. Personality | 人格
Id, Ego, Superego: According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. The ego follows the reality principle, mediating between the id and superego. The superego represents internalized moral standards.
本我、自我、超我: 根据弗洛伊德的精神分析理论，本我遵循快乐原则，要求即时满足。自我遵循现实原则，在本我和超我之间进行调解。超我代表内化了的道德标准。
Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN): A trait model describing personality in five dimensions: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. A highly conscientious person tends to be organized, disciplined, and reliable.
大五人格特质 (OCEAN): 用五个维度描述人格的特质模型：对经验的开放性、尽责性、外向性、宜人性和神经质。一个高尽责性的人往往有条理、自律且可靠。
Unconditional Positive Regard: Carl Rogers’ concept of accepting and supporting a person regardless of what they say or do. This nonjudgmental attitude, central to humanistic therapy, is believed to promote self-acceptance and personal growth.
无条件积极关注: 卡尔·罗杰斯提出的概念，指无论一个人说什么或做什么，都给予接纳和支持。这种不评判的态度是人本主义疗法的核心，被认为能促进自我接纳和个人成长。
9. Psychological Disorders | 心理障碍
DSM-5: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, published by the American Psychiatric Association. It provides standardized criteria for diagnosing mental disorders, including symptom lists and duration requirements.
DSM-5: 《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第五版，由美国精神病学协会出版。它提供了诊断心理障碍的标准化标准，包括症状清单和持续时间要求。
Major Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities for at least two weeks. Symptoms may include changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.
重性抑郁障碍: 一种心境障碍，其特征是持续至少两周的悲伤、绝望感，以及对活动失去兴趣或乐趣。症状可能包括食欲变化、睡眠紊乱、疲劳和注意力难以集中。
Schizophrenia: A severe psychotic disorder marked by distorted thinking, perceptions, and emotions. Positive symptoms include hallucinations (often auditory) and delusions, while negative symptoms involve flat affect, social withdrawal, and reduced speech.
精神分裂症: 一种以思维、知觉和情绪扭曲为特征的重性精神病性障碍。阳性症状包括幻觉（常为幻听）和妄想，阴性症状则涉及情感淡漠、社交退缩和言语贫乏。
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): An anxiety-related disorder defined by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety. For example, an individual may repeatedly check whether a door is locked due to an obsessive fear of burglary.
强迫障碍 (OCD): 一种焦虑相关障碍，定义为持续的不想要的想法（强迫思维）和为减轻焦虑而进行的重复性仪式化行为（强迫行为）。例如，一个人可能因为害怕入室盗窃而反复检查门是否锁好。
10. Treatment of Psychological Disorders | 心理障碍的治疗
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A structured, goal-oriented therapy that combines cognitive restructuring (changing maladaptive thoughts) with behavioral techniques. CBT is highly effective for depression, anxiety disorders, and many other conditions by helping clients challenge negative thinking patterns.
认知行为疗法 (CBT): 一种结构化、目标导向的疗法，将认知重构（改变适应不良的想法）与行为技术相结合。CBT通过帮助来访者挑战消极思维模式，对抑郁、焦虑障碍等多种状况非常有效。
Systematic Desensitization: A behavioral therapy technique used to treat phobias and anxiety. Clients learn relaxation techniques and then are gradually exposed to increasingly anxiety-provoking stimuli while maintaining relaxation, building a counterconditioning response.
系统脱敏: 一种用于治疗恐惧症和焦虑的行为疗法技术。来访者学习放松技巧，然后在维持放松的状态下逐渐接触越来越能引发焦虑的刺激，从而建立反条件作用反应。
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): A class of antidepressant medications that block the reabsorption of serotonin at the synapse, increasing its availability. Fluoxetine (Prozac) is a well-known SSRI used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.
选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs): 一类抗抑郁药物，通过阻断突触中血清素的再吸收，增加其可用性。氟西汀（百忧解）是一种常用的SSRI，用于治疗抑郁和焦虑障碍。
Token Economy: An operant conditioning procedure in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards. This technique has been used effectively in hospitals, schools, and therapeutic settings to shape prosocial behavior.
代币制: 一种操作性条件作用程序，对可取行为给予能兑换奖励的代币进行强化。这种技术在医疗机构、学校和治疗环境中被有效用于塑造亲社会行为。
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