📚 CAIE Year 7 Business: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 剑桥七年级商务：关键词汇术语速记指南
Getting to grips with business studies starts with a solid grasp of the key terms. Year 7 is your foundation year, and learning these words now will save you time later. This guide breaks down the most important CAIE Year 7 business vocabulary and gives you simple, creative memory tricks to make each term stick. Read on to turn tricky phrases into easy-to-remember ideas.
学好商务要从扎实掌握关键术语开始。七年级是你的基础年，现在学会这些术语能为你以后省下大量时间。本文梳理了 CAIE 七年级商务最重要的词汇，并为你提供简单、有创意的记忆技巧，让每个术语都牢牢印在脑子里。继续阅读，把难记的短语变成容易记住的点子吧。
1. The Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice | 经济问题：稀缺与选择
The basic economic problem is that our wants are unlimited, but the resources to fulfil them are limited. This situation is called “scarcity”. Scarcity forces us to make “choices” about what to produce, how to produce it and for whom to produce it. A quick memory trick: “Scarcity” sounds like “scary city” — imagine a city where everything is running out, so every decision is frightening but essential.
基本的经济问题在于，我们的欲望是无限的，但满足欲望的资源是有限的。这种状况被称为”稀缺”。稀缺迫使我们就”生产什么、如何生产以及为谁生产”做出”选择”。快速记忆窍门：”Scarcity”听起来像”scary city”——想象一座什么都快用完的城市，每一个决定都令人害怕但又必须去做。
Choice is all about deciding between alternatives. Think of it as “choose ice” — when you are choosing a flavour of ice cream, you can only pick one scoop with your pocket money. That is choice in action.
选择就是在不同选项之间做出决定。可以把它想成”choose ice”——当你用零花钱挑选冰淇淋口味时，你只能选一球。这就是选择在生活中的体现。
2. Wants and Needs | 欲望与需求
A “need” is something you must have to survive, such as water, food, shelter and basic clothing. A “want” is something you would like to have but is not essential for living, like a games console, a holiday or a new bicycle. Remember: Needs are “needed” — they are necessities. Wants are “wished” for — they are wishes. If you are ever unsure, ask yourself: “Can I survive without it?” If the answer is yes, it is a want.
“需求”是你生存所必需的东西，例如水、食物、住所和基本衣物。”欲望”是你想要拥有但并非生存必需的东西，比如游戏机、度假或一辆新自行车。请记住：Needs（需求）是被”needed”的——是必需品；Wants（欲望）是内心”wished”的——是愿望。如果不确定，就问自己：”没有它我能活吗？” 答案是能的话，就是欲望。
| Term | Meaning | Memory Aid |
| Need | Essential for survival | “Need” = “Naked without it” — you cannot be without it. |
| Want | Not essential, but desired | “Want” = “Wish and Not True need” — it is just a wish. |
3. Goods and Services | 物品与服务
Businesses provide either goods or services. “Goods” are physical items you can touch and hold, such as a pen, a sandwich or a mobile phone. “Services” are non-physical actions that are done for you, such as a haircut, a bus journey or a music lesson. A simple rhyme: “Goods are stuff you can drop on your foot; services are things that make you look good.”
企业提供物品或服务。”物品”是你能触摸和拿着的实物，比如一支笔、一个三明治或一部手机。”服务”是为你完成的非物质性行为，比如理发、乘坐公交车或上一节音乐课。一个简单的顺口溜：”物品是掉下来会砸到脚的东西；服务是让你变得更好的事情。”
Another way to remember: “Goods” ends with “ds” — think of “DVDs”, which are tangible. “Services” ends with “ices” — imagine a waiter bringing you iced tea, which is an act of service.
另一种记忆方法：”Goods”以”ds”结尾——想到”DVDs（光盘）”，那是有形的。”Services”以”ices”结尾——想象服务员给你送来冰茶（iced tea），那就是一种服务行为。
4. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that you give up when making a choice. In other words, it is what you miss out on. For example, if you have £10 and you choose to buy a book instead of a cinema ticket, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment you would have gained from watching the film. To lock this in, use the “OC = Oh, See what I sacrificed!” mnemonic.
机会成本是你在做选择时所放弃的次优选项的价值。换句话说，就是你错失的东西。比如，你有 10 英镑，选择买一本书而不是电影票，那么机会成本就是你原本看电影能获得的享受。要记住它，可以使用助记口诀：”OC = Oh, See what I sacrificed!”（噢，看看我牺牲了什么！）
Visualise a path in a forest: you can only walk one path. The views and experiences you miss on the other path are your opportunity cost. This image helps you understand that every “yes” to one option is a “no” to many others.
想象森林里的一条小路：你只能走一条路。另一条路上错过的风景和体验就是你的机会成本。这个画面帮你理解，对某个选项说”是”，就等于对其他很多选项说”不”。
5. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Resources used to produce goods and services are called factors of production. There are four main factors: land, labour, capital and enterprise. Land includes all natural resources; labour is the human effort; capital is man-made tools and machinery; and enterprise is the skill of bringing the other three together and taking risks. Remember them by singing to the tune of “Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes”: “Land, labour, capital, enterprise — that’s how businesses grow!”
用于生产物品和服务的资源被称为生产要素。主要有四种：土地、劳动、资本和企业才能。土地包括所有自然资源；劳动是人的努力；资本是人造的工具和机器；企业才能则是把前三者结合起来并承担风险的技能。可以用”头、肩、膝、脚趾”的曲调来唱：”土地、劳动、资本、Enterprise——企业就这样成长！”
| Factor | Includes | Memory Cue |
| Land | Soil, water, minerals, forests | “Land” stands for “Lots And Lots of Natural resources Down on earth”. |
| Labour | Workers, skills, effort | “Labour” = “People power”. Imagine a worker lifting a “boulder”. |
| Capital | Machines, buildings, vehicles | “Capital” = “Cash for tools”. Think of money invested in equipment. |
| Enterprise | Risk-taking, innovation, management | “Enter-prise” — the person who “enters” a new market to “prise” open opportunities. |
6. Specialisation and Division of Labour | 专业化与劳动分工
Specialisation happens when people, businesses or countries focus on producing a limited range of goods or services. This is closely linked to “division of labour”, where a production process is broken down into small, separate tasks and each worker becomes an expert in one task. A great memory image: think of a pizza shop where one person tosses dough, another adds sauce, another puts on cheese. Each worker is specialised — the business benefits from faster production and higher quality.
当个人、企业或国家专注于生产有限种类的物品或服务时，就出现了专业化。这与”劳动分工”密切相关，即把生产过程分解成许多细小、独立的工序，每个工人专做一道工序。绝佳的记忆画面：想象一家披萨店，一个人抛面饼，另一个人加酱，再另一个人撒芝士。每个工人都很专业——企业因此生产更快、品质更高。
To remind yourself of the term, break it down: “Special” + “isation”. They become a “special” ist in one “isation” (action). Division of labour can be remembered as “divide and conquer” — divide the work and conquer inefficiency.
为了记住这个术语，可以拆开： “Special” + “isation”。他们成为某一”isation”（行为）的”special”专家。劳动分工可以记成”divide and conquer”——分而治之，分工并且征服低效率。
7. Adding Value | 增值
Adding value is the process of taking raw materials and turning them into a product that customers are willing to pay more for. The difference between the cost of inputs and the final selling price is the added value. For instance, a carpenter buys wood, shapes it into a beautiful chair and sells it for much more than the wood cost. The design, skill and branding all add value. Use the formula memory: “Value added = Selling price minus Cost of materials” — V = S – C.
增值是把原材料转化为顾客愿意付更高价格购买的产品的过程。投入成本与最终售价之间的差额就是增值。例如，一个木匠买来木料，把它做成一把精美的椅子，然后以远高于木料成本的价格卖出。设计、手艺和品牌都增加了价值。用公式记忆：”增值 = 售价 – 材料成本”——V = S – C。
Think of baking a cake: a few eggs, flour and sugar are cheap, but once you bake a personalised birthday cake, you charge much more. You added value through your effort and skill. “Adding value” can be visualised as stacking coins on top of raw materials.
想象烘焙一个蛋糕：几个鸡蛋、面粉和糖很便宜，但一旦你烤出一个个性化的生日蛋糕，就可以收取高得多的价格。你通过努力和手艺增加了价值。可以把”增值”想象成在原材料上堆叠硬币。
8. Entrepreneurs and Enterprise | 企业家与企业精神
An entrepreneur is a person who takes the risks of starting and running a business, combining the factors of production to create goods or services. “Enterprise” refers to the skill and willingness to take these risks and innovate. To remember “entrepreneur”, say it as “on-tre-pre-ner” and picture someone “on a treasure hunt” — they take risks hoping to find a fortune. “Enterprise” is what they do: they “enter” a market with a “prize” in mind.
企业家是承担开办和经营企业风险的人，他们组合各种生产要素来创造物品或服务。”企业精神”指的是承担这类风险、进行创新的技能和意愿。要记住”entrepreneur”，可以把它读成”on-tre-pre-ner”，并想象一个人正在”寻宝”——他们承担风险，希望找到财富。”Enterprise”就是他们所做的事：他们心怀”奖品”（prize）”进入”（enter）市场。
Key characteristics of entrepreneurs include being a risk-taker, creative, determined and able to spot opportunities. An easy acronym is ROCK: Risk-taker, Opportunist, Creative, Knowledgeable.
企业家的关键特征包括：敢于承担风险、富有创造力、意志坚定并能发现机会。一个简单的首字母缩略词是 ROCK：Risk-taker（冒险者）、Opportunist（机会主义者）、Creative（有创造力）、Knowledgeable（知识渊博）。
9. Types of Business Organisation: Sole Trader and Partnership | 企业组织类型：个体经营与合伙
A “sole trader” is a business owned and controlled by one person. It is the simplest form of business. The owner gets to keep all the profits but also has “unlimited liability”, meaning their personal belongings could be used to pay business debts. A memory hook: “Sole” means “single”, like a shoe sole — only one. “Trader” reminds you they trade alone.
“个体经营”是由一个人拥有并控制的生意。这是最简单的企业形式。所有者可以保留所有利润，但也承担”无限责任”，这意味着他们可能会动用个人财产来偿还企业债务。记忆窍门：”Sole”的意思是”单一”，就像鞋底——只有一个。”Trader”提醒你他们独自经营。
A “partnership” is a business owned by two or more people who share the risks and profits. Partners usually sign a deed of partnership. Liability is usually unlimited, unless they form a limited liability partnership later. To recall this, think of “partners” in a dance — they move together, share the spotlight and sometimes step on each other’s toes. The “ship” at the end can be imagined as a ship that needs a crew — you cannot sail alone.
“合伙经营”是由两个或更多人共同拥有，共享风险和利润的生意。合伙人通常会签署一份合伙协议。责任通常也是无限的，除非后来成立有限责任合伙。要记住这一点，可以想象跳舞的”partners”——他们一起移动，分享聚光灯，有时也会踩到对方的脚。词尾的”ship”可以想象成一艘需要船员的船——你不能独自航行。
10. Business Objectives | 企业目标
Business objectives are the targets a business sets itself to achieve. Common objectives include making a profit, satisfying customers, growing the business, being socially responsible and even just surviving in the first year. The word “objective” can be linked to the lens of a camera — it helps you focus on what you want to “object” (achieve). Use the sentence: “A business with an objective knows where it is heading.”
企业目标是企业为自己设定的要达成的指标。常见的目标包括盈利、让顾客满意、发展壮大、承担社会责任甚至只是在第一年存活下来。”objective”这个词可以和照相机的镜头联系起来——它帮助你聚焦于你想要”object”（实现）的东西。记住一句话：”有目标的企业知道自己在往哪儿走。”
Profit is often the main objective here. Profit = Revenue – Total costs. Remember the simple equation: “Money in” (revenue) minus “money out” (total costs) equals profit. If the number is positive, the business is making a profit; if negative, a loss.
利润通常是主要目标。利润 = 收入 – 总成本。记住这个简单公式：”进来的钱”（收入）减去”出去的钱”（总成本）等于利润。如果是正数，企业就在盈利；如果是负数，就是亏损。
11. Customers and Market | 顾客与市场
Customers are the individuals or other businesses that buy products. The “market” is any place or situation where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods and services. This does not have to be a physical shop — it can be an online marketplace or even a telephone trading system. A catchy phrase: “Customers are the kings and queens; the market is their kingdom.”
顾客是购买产品的个人或其他企业。”市场”是买卖双方聚集在一起交换物品和服务的任何场所或情境。这不一定是实体商店——它可以是在线市场，甚至是电话交易系统。一句朗朗上口的话：”顾客是国王和王后；市场是他们的王国。”
To distinguish between a customer and a consumer: a customer buys the product, but the consumer is the one who actually uses it. For example, a parent buys a toy (customer), and the child plays with it (consumer). Remember “customer” as the one who “customarily” buys — they carry cash.
要区分顾客和消费者：顾客购买产品，但消费者是实际使用产品的人。例如，家长买玩具（顾客），孩子玩玩具（消费者）。可以把”customer”理解为通常（customarily）付钱购买的人——他们带着现金。
12. Revenue, Cost and Profit | 收入、成本与利润
These three terms are the backbone of business finance. “Revenue” is the money coming in from selling goods or services before any costs are deducted. It is sometimes called sales revenue or turnover. “Costs” are the expenses a business must pay to operate, including raw materials, wages and electricity. “Profit” is what remains after all costs have been subtracted from revenue. Use the three-letter code R, C, P: Revenue – Costs = Profit.
这三个术语是企业财务的支柱。”收入”是扣除任何成本之前，从销售物品或服务中获得的钱，有时也叫销售收入或营业额。”成本”是企业为运营而必须支付的费用，包括原材料、工资和电费。”利润”是从收入中扣除所有成本后剩下的部分。用三个字母来记：R – C = P（Revenue – Costs = Profit）。
A useful memory story: imagine you run a lemonade stand. Revenue is the money customers hand over for each cup. Costs are the lemons, sugar, cups and your little brother’s wages. Profit is the pocket money left for you. The more you sell at a price higher than each cup’s cost, the greater your profit. Remember “profit” as “pro” meaning “forward” and “fit” — you want your business to be fit enough to go forward.
一个有用的记忆故事：想象你摆了一个柠檬水小摊。收入是顾客为每杯水付的钱。成本是柠檬、糖、杯子和付给你弟弟的工钱。利润是最后留在你口袋里的零花钱。你以高于每杯成本的价格卖出越多，利润就越多。记住”profit”可以拆成”pro”（向前）和”fit”（健康）——你想让你的企业足够健康地向前发展。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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