📚 Cambridge Year 7 Geography: Key Concepts Revision | 剑桥七年级地理核心知识点梳理
Year 7 Geography in the Cambridge Lower Secondary programme introduces students to the fundamental concepts that shape our world. Through the study of maps, physical processes, human activities and environmental interactions, learners build a solid foundation for more advanced geographical thinking. This article provides a clear and structured recap of the essential knowledge areas, helping you to revise effectively and feel confident in your understanding.
剑桥初中课程七年级地理向学生介绍塑造我们世界的基本概念。通过学习地图、自然过程、人类活动和环境互动，学生为更高层次的地理思维打下坚实基础。本文清晰地梳理了核心知识领域，帮助你有效复习并自信地掌握这些内容。
1. Maps and Atlas Skills | 地图与地图集技能
Maps are simplified representations of reality, drawn to scale and using a standard set of symbols, colours and labels. A map’s title tells you what area it covers, while the key (or legend) explains the meaning of symbols such as railway lines, forests, campsites and places of worship.
地图是现实的简化表示，按比例绘制，并使用一套标准的符号、颜色和标注。地图标题告诉你它所覆盖的区域，图例则解释铁路、森林、营地、宗教场所等符号的含义。
Scale expresses the relationship between distance on the map and actual distance on the ground. A statement scale, such as ‘1 cm represents 1 km’, is easy to visualise. A ratio scale, like 1:50,000, means one unit on the map equals 50,000 of the same units on the Earth’s surface. Large-scale maps show small areas in great detail, while small-scale maps cover large regions with less detail.
比例尺表达了图上距离与实地距离之间的关系。文字比例尺如“1厘米代表1公里”很容易想象。数字比例尺如 1:50,000 表示图上1个单位等于实地50,000个相同单位。大比例尺地图展示小区域的高细节，小比例尺地图覆盖大区域但细节较少。
Direction is given using the eight compass points: north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest. On most maps, north is at the top. Four‑figure grid references identify a grid square, while six‑figure grid references locate a precise point within that square, using eastings first, then northings.
方向用八个罗盘方位表示：北、南、东、西、东北、西北、东南、西南。大部分地图以北为上。四位网格坐标确定一个网格方格，六位网格坐标则能在方格内精确定位，读取时先读东向坐标，再读北向坐标。
2. Latitude and Longitude | 纬度与经度
Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator, which is at 0°. They measure distance north or south from the equator, from 0° to 90° at the poles. Important parallels include the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N), Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S), Arctic Circle (66.5°N) and Antarctic Circle (66.5°S).
纬线平行于赤道（0°）。它们测量赤道以北或以南的距离，范围从0°至极点的90°。重要的纬线包括北回归线（23.5°N）、南回归线（23.5°S）、北极圈（66.5°N）和南极圈（66.5°S）。
Lines of longitude, or meridians, run from the North Pole to the South Pole. The prime meridian (0° longitude) passes through Greenwich, London. Longitude values range from 0° to 180° east and west, and together with latitude they create a global grid that gives every place a unique coordinate.
经线也叫子午线，从北极延伸到南极。本初子午线（0°经线）穿过伦敦格林尼治。经度值从0°到180°东或西，与纬度共同构成全球坐标网格，使每个地点都有独一无二的坐标。
Using latitude and longitude, locations can be written as, for example, 30°N, 90°W. This system is essential for navigation, GPS and understanding time zones.
利用纬度和经度可以表示位置，例如 30°N，90°W。这一系统对导航、GPS 和理解时区至关重要。
3. Earth’s Movements: Rotation and Revolution | 地球的运动：自转与公转
The Earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours, a motion called rotation. This causes day and night as different parts of the planet face the Sun. The axis is tilted at an angle of about 23.5° from the vertical, which is why we experience seasons.
地球每24小时绕地轴自转一周，称为自转。由于不同地区朝向太阳，产生了昼夜交替。地轴与垂线倾斜约 23.5°，这便是四季变化的根本原因。
Revolution is the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, taking approximately 365¼ days. Combined with the axial tilt, revolution leads to varying day lengths and temperatures throughout the year. When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it experiences summer with longer days, while the Southern Hemisphere experiences winter.
公转是地球绕太阳运行的轨道运动，约需 365¼ 天。与地轴倾斜共同作用，公转导致一年中昼夜长短和气温的变化。当北半球倾向太阳时，北半球进入夏季，白天较长，而南半球则是冬季。
The solstices (around 21 June and 21 December) mark the longest and shortest days. The equinoxes (around 21 March and 23 September) have roughly equal day and night everywhere on Earth.
夏至和冬至（约6月21日和12月21日）分别是一年中白天最长和最短的日子。春分和秋分（约3月21日和9月23日）则全球各地昼夜几乎等长。
4. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather describes the short‑term state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Key elements include temperature, precipitation (rain, snow, hail), wind speed and direction, cloud cover and atmospheric pressure. Weather can change from hour to hour and day to day.
天气描述特定时间和地点短时间的大气状况。主要元素包括气温、降水（雨、雪、冰雹）、风速风向、云量和气压。天气可能在几小时内发生变化。
Climate is the average weather pattern of an area over a long period, usually 30 years. When we say a region has a tropical climate, we mean it is generally hot and wet throughout the year. Climates are classified into broad zones: tropical, temperate, polar, arid and Mediterranean, among others.
气候是一个地区长时间（通常30年）的平均天气状况。当我们说某地是热带气候，意味着全年普遍炎热多雨。气候可划分为热带、温带、极地、干旱和地中海等大类型。
Climate graphs, or climatographs, combine a bar chart of monthly precipitation with a line graph of average monthly temperature. These are powerful tools for comparing the climates of different places.
气候图将月降水量的柱状图和月平均气温的折线图相结合，是对比不同地方气候的强大工具。
5. Factors Affecting Climate | 影响气候的因素
Latitude is the most fundamental control on temperature. Near the equator the Sun’s rays are more concentrated, heating the surface efficiently. Towards the poles, the same amount of solar energy spreads over a larger area, so temperatures are much lower.
纬度是控制气温最基本的因素。赤道附近太阳辐射更集中，地面受热效率高。越往两极，同等太阳能量分散在更大面积上，气温因此降低很多。
Altitude influences climate because temperature decreases with height in the troposphere – on average about 6.5 °C for every 1,000 metres of ascent. This is why high mountains can have snow on their peaks even when they lie on the equator.
海拔高度影响气候，因为在对流层中气温随高度降低——平均每上升 1000 米气温下降约 6.5 °C。这就是即使位于赤道的高山山顶也终年积雪的原因。
Distance from the sea creates a contrast between maritime and continental climates. The sea warms up and cools down more slowly than the land, so coastal areas tend to have milder winters and cooler summers. Interior continental regions experience greater temperature extremes.
距海远近造成了海洋性气候和大陆性气候的差异。海洋升温和降温都比陆地慢，因此沿海地区冬季较温和、夏季较凉爽，而内陆地区温差较大。
Ocean currents and prevailing winds also modify temperatures and rainfall. Warm currents raise temperatures and often bring moisture, while cold currents can cool coastal areas and reduce evaporation, leading to drier conditions.
洋流和盛行风也会改变气温和降水。暖流使气温升高并常携带水汽，寒流则使沿海地区降温、减少蒸发，导致较干燥的环境。
6. Population Distribution and Density | 人口分布与密度
Population distribution refers to how people are spread across a given area. Some regions, like the coastal plains of East Asia, are densely populated, while others, such as the Sahara Desert or Antarctica, are sparsely populated or uninhabited.
人口分布指人口在特定区域的散布情况。东亚沿海平原等地区人口稠密，而撒哈拉沙漠或南极洲等地人口稀疏甚至无人居住。
Population density measures the number of people living per unit area, usually expressed as persons per square kilometre (people/km²). It is calculated by dividing the total population of an area by its land area. High density does not always mean overcrowding; it depends on the resources and infrastructure available.
人口密度衡量单位面积上居住的人数，通常以每平方千米人数（人/km²）表示。它用某个区域的总人口除以其土地面积得到。高密度不一定意味着过度拥挤，这取决于可用的资源和基础设施。
Physical factors attracting settlement include fertile soil, a reliable water supply, a mild climate and flat land for building. Human factors include jobs, transport links, education facilities and political stability. People tend to move away from areas with extreme climates, steep slopes, poor soils or limited economic opportunities.
吸引人类定居的自然因素包括肥沃的土壤、可靠的水源、温和的气候和平坦的建设用地。人文因素包括就业、交通、教育设施和政治稳定。人们往往会迁离气候极端、坡陡、土壤贫瘠或经济机会有限的地区。
7. Settlement Patterns and Functions | 聚落形态与功能
Settlements can be classified by their pattern. Dispersed settlements consist of isolated farms or hamlets, often found in hilly or agricultural areas. Linear settlements develop along a transport route, such as a road, railway or river. Nucleated settlements cluster around a central point like a market square or a crossroads.
聚落可按形态分类。分散型聚落由孤立的农场或小村庄组成，常见于丘陵或农业区。线形聚落沿公路、铁路或河流等交通线路发展。核心型聚落则围绕市场广场或十字路口等中心点聚集。
The function of a settlement describes its main economic or social purpose. Many settlements began with a single function, such as a market town, a port, a mining village or a religious centre. Over time, settlements often develop multiple functions, including residential, commercial, industrial and recreational uses.
聚落的功能指其主要的经济或社会用途。许多聚落最初只有单一功能，如集镇、港口、矿村或宗教中心。随着时间推移，聚落往往发展出居住、商业、工业和休闲等多种功能。
Land use models show how different functions are arranged within a town or city. A common simplified model places the central business district (CBD) in the middle, surrounded by old industrial zones, then residential areas with increasing space and lower density towards the suburbs.
土地利用模型展示城镇内部不同功能的布局。一个简化的通用模型将中心商务区（CBD）置于中央，外围是老的工业区，然后向郊区方向逐渐过渡为空间更大、密度更低的居住区。
8. Types of Economic Activities | 经济活动的类型
Economic activities are grouped into four sectors. Primary activities extract raw materials directly from the Earth and the sea – farming, fishing, mining, forestry and quarrying. Secondary activities involve manufacturing and construction, turning raw materials into finished products.
经济活动分为四个部门。第一产业直接从土地和海洋获取原材料——农业、渔业、采矿、林业和采石。第二产业涉及制造业和建筑业，把原材料加工成制成品。
Tertiary activities provide services rather than physical goods. This sector includes transport, retail, education, healthcare, banking and tourism. Quaternary activities are knowledge‑based services such as research, information technology and consultancy, which have grown rapidly in the twenty‑first century.
第三产业提供服务而非实物商品，包括运输、零售、教育、医疗、银行和旅游。第四产业是基于知识的服务，如科研、信息技术和咨询，在二十一世纪增长迅猛。
As a country develops, the proportion of workers in the primary sector usually falls, while the tertiary and quaternary sectors expand. This shift is called sectoral change. Understanding these sectors helps geographers explain differences in employment and wealth between countries and regions.
随着国家发展，第一产业的劳动力比例通常下降，而第三和第四产业则扩张，这种转变称为产业结构变化。理解这些部门有助于地理学家解释国家与地区之间就业和财富的差异。
| Sector / 部门 | Examples / 示例 |
|---|---|
| Primary 第一产业 | Farming, fishing, mining / 农业、渔业、采矿 |
| Secondary 第二产业 | Car assembly, food processing / 汽车装配、食品加工 |
| Tertiary 第三产业 | Teacher, nurse, shop assistant / 教师、护士、店员 |
| Quaternary 第四产业 | Scientist, IT developer / 科学家、IT 工程师 |
9. The Water Cycle and Rivers | 水循环与河流
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land and oceans. Key processes include evaporation (liquid turning into water vapour), condensation (vapour forming clouds), precipitation (rain, snow, etc.), and run‑off where water flows back into rivers and seas.
水循环描述了水在大气、陆地和海洋之间的持续运动。主要过程包括蒸发（液态水变为水蒸气）、凝结（水蒸气形成云）、降水（雨、雪等）以及径流，即水最终流回河流和海洋。
Rivers shape the landscape through erosion, transportation and deposition. Erosion wears away the bed and banks, with processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. The eroded material is then transported downstream by traction, saltation, suspension or solution.
河流通过侵蚀、搬运和沉积作用塑造地貌。侵蚀作用包括水力作用、磨蚀、磨圆和溶蚀，将河床和河岸磨损。被侵蚀的物质随后通过推移、跃移、悬移或溶解方式向下游搬运。
In the upper course, rivers are fast and steep, creating V‑shaped valleys, rapids and waterfalls. In the middle course, meanders begin to form as the river swings sideways. In the lower course, the river is wide and slow, depositing material to form floodplains, levees and deltas.
在河流上游，流速快、坡降大，形成 V 形谷、急流和瀑布。中游河曲开始发育，河流侧向摆动。下游河面宽阔、流速缓慢，沉积物质形成冲积平原、天然堤和三角洲。
10. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸过程与地貌
At the coast, waves are the main agent of change. Destructive waves have a stronger backwash, pulling material away and eroding the coast, while constructive waves deposit sediment, building up beaches.
在海岸地带，波浪是变化的主要动力。破坏性波浪回流较强，把物质带走、侵蚀海岸，而建设性波浪则沉积泥沙，加宽海滩。
Erosional landforms include headlands and bays, cliffs, wave‑cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks. These form where harder and softer rocks alternate along the coastline. Softer rocks erode more quickly, creating bays, while harder rocks remain as headlands.
侵蚀地貌包括岬角与海湾、悬崖、波蚀平台、海蚀洞、海蚀拱和海蚀柱。它们形成于软硬岩层交替出露的海岸，软岩侵蚀较快形成海湾，硬岩则留存为岬角。
Deposition occurs where waves lose energy, often building beaches, spits and tombolos. A spit is a long, narrow ridge of sand or shingle extending from the shore, while a tombolo connects an island to the mainland. These features are dynamic and can change with storms or rising sea levels.
沉积发生在波浪能量减弱的地方，通常形成海滩、沙嘴和连岛沙洲。沙嘴是从海岸延伸出的狭长沙砾脊，连岛沙洲则将岛屿与大陆相连。这些地貌动态变化，会因风暴或海平面上升而改变。
11. Natural Resources and Sustainability | 自然资源与可持续性
Natural resources are materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain. They are classified as renewable (solar energy, wind, water, forests) or non‑renewable (coal, oil, natural gas, minerals). The rate at which we consume non‑renewable resources is a major environmental concern.
自然资源是自然界中存在的、可用于经济目的的物质。它们分为可再生资源（太阳能、风能、水能、森林）和不可再生资源（煤炭、石油、天然气、矿物）。不可再生资源的消耗速度是重要的环境问题。
Sustainability means using resources in ways that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This involves the three pillars of environment, society and economy – sometimes called the three Ps: planet, people and profit.
可持续性意味着在满足当代人需求的同时，不损害后代满足其自身需求的能力。它涉及环境、社会和经济三大支柱——有时被称为“3P”：星球、人类和利润。
Practical strategies for sustainability include recycling, reducing consumption, reusing materials (the 3 Rs), switching to renewable energy, protecting ecosystems and designing products that last longer. Geographers study these strategies to help communities become more resilient.
实现可持续性的实际策略包括回收、减少消费、重复使用（3R 原则）、转向可再生能源、保护生态系统和设计更耐用的产品。地理学家研究这些策略，帮助社区增强适应能力。
On a global scale, climate change caused by the burning of fossil fuels puts pressure on food, water and energy resources. Understanding geography helps us see the connections between human actions and the planet’s health, and inspires responsible choices for a sustainable future.
在全球尺度上，燃烧化石燃料引起的气候变化给粮食、水和能源资源带来压力。理解地理学有助于认清人类活动与地球健康之间的联系，并鼓励为可持续的未来做出负责任的选择。
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