📚 Drama Formula & Terminology Quick Reference Handbook | 戏剧公式与术语速查手册
Whether you are stepping onto the stage for the first time or sharpening your performance skills, understanding the fundamental ‘formulas’ of drama is essential. This handbook brings together the core terminology and practical conventions used in Year 7 SQA Drama, explained clearly so you can apply them in rehearsal, performance, and written reflection. Think of each term as a building block – just like a formula in science – that helps you construct believable characters, shape dramatic moments, and communicate meaning to an audience.
无论你是第一次登上舞台，还是在打磨自己的表演技巧，理解戏剧的基本“公式”都至关重要。这本手册汇集了 Year 7 SQA 戏剧课程中使用的核心术语和实践惯例，并以清晰的方式加以解释，便于你在排练、表演和书面反思中运用。把每一个术语都看作一块积木——就像科学中的公式一样——它能帮助你构建可信的角色，塑造戏剧性时刻，并向观众传达意义。
1. Stage Directions and Areas | 舞台方位与分区
Stage directions are always given from the actor’s perspective when facing the audience. ‘Stage Left’ means the actor’s left, while ‘Stage Right’ means the actor’s right. ‘Upstage’ refers to the area furthest from the audience, and ‘Downstage’ is closest to the audience. These conventions allow directors and performers to block movement with precision. The stage is often divided into nine acting areas: Downstage Right, Downstage Centre, Downstage Left, Centre Right, Centre Stage, Centre Left, Upstage Right, Upstage Centre, and Upstage Left.
舞台方位永远从演员面向观众时的视角来描述。“舞台左侧”指演员的左手边，“舞台右侧”是演员的右手边。“后台”指离观众最远的区域，“前台”则离观众最近。这些惯例使导演和演员能够精确地规划舞台走位。舞台通常被划分为九个表演区域：前台右、前台中、前台左、中台右、中台区、中台左、后台右、后台中和后台左。
2. Vocal Skills Formula | 声音技巧公式
Your voice is a powerful tool on stage, and you can shape it using a set of controllable elements. Volume deals with loudness or softness; pitch refers to how high or low your voice sounds; pace is the speed at which you speak; pause gives weight to silence; tone conveys emotion and attitude; and emphasis stresses key words to shift meaning. An effective vocal formula might be: Low pitch + slow pace + soft volume = a secretive or sad mood.
你的声音是舞台上的强大工具，你可以通过一系列可控元素来塑造它。音量涉及声音的强弱；音调指声音的高低；语速是你说话的快慢；停顿赋予沉默以分量；语气传递情感和态度；而重音通过强调关键词来改变含义。一个有效的声音公式可以是：低音调 + 慢语速 + 轻音量 = 神秘或悲伤的情绪。
3. Physical Skills and Body Language | 肢体技巧与身体语言
Physical skills are the movements and gestures that bring a character to life. Posture shows status and age; gait describes how a character walks; gesture involves hand and arm movements to express ideas; facial expression reveals inner thoughts; and eye contact builds connection with others on stage and with the audience. Remember the formula: Slumped posture + shuffling gait + downward gaze = a character who lacks confidence or is defeated.
肢体技巧是使角色栩栩如生的动作和姿态。体态展现地位和年龄；步态描述角色行走的方式；手势涉及手部和手臂的动作来表达想法；面部表情揭示内心想法；而眼神交流与舞台上的其他角色以及观众建立联系。请记住这个公式：瘫软的体态 + 拖着脚走路 + 向下的目光 = 缺乏自信或挫败的角色。
4. Characterisation and Role Creation | 角色塑造与角色创建
Characterisation is the process of becoming a person who is not yourself. You build a character by exploring their given circumstances – the who, what, where, when, and why of the play. Ask yourself: What does my character want (objective)? What obstacles stand in their way? The inner life of a character is expressed through thought-tracking, where you voice the character’s unspoken thoughts, and through hot-seating, where you answer questions in role. A simple character formula: Objective + obstacle + tactic = dramatic action.
角色塑造是一个成为他人的过程。你通过探索角色的规定情境——即剧本中的人物、事件、地点、时间和原因——来构建角色。问问自己：我的角色想要什么（目标）？有什么障碍挡在面前？角色的内心世界通过思维追踪（说出角色未言明的心声）和坐针毡（以角色身份回答问题）来表达。一个简单的角色公式：目标 + 障碍 + 策略 = 戏剧行动。
5. Dramatic Tension and Structure | 戏剧张力与结构
Dramatic tension keeps an audience engaged and wondering what will happen next. Tension can be created through conflict (between characters or within a character), surprise, mystery, or dramatic irony, where the audience knows something the characters do not. Most plays follow a basic structural formula: Exposition → Rising Action → Climax → Falling Action → Denouement. The climax is the moment of highest tension, the turning point after which nothing can be the same.
戏剧张力让观众全神贯注，想知道接下来会发生什么。张力可以通过冲突（角色之间或角色内心）、惊喜、悬念或戏剧性反讽（观众知道而角色不知道的事情）来制造。大多数剧本都遵循一个基本的结构公式：开端 → 上升行动 → 高潮 → 下降行动 → 结局。高潮是张力最强的时刻，是一个转折点，此后一切都将不同。
6. Forms and Genres of Drama | 戏剧形式与体裁
Different forms follow different ‘formulas’ or sets of conventions. Mime uses only movement and gesture, no speech. Melodrama exaggerates emotion and uses stock characters like heroes and villains. Naturalism aims to replicate real life as closely as possible, while comedies are built around misunderstanding and resolution with laughter. Forum theatre invites the audience to suggest changes and replay scenes to explore alternative outcomes. Recognising the form helps you understand the expected style and storytelling rules.
不同的形式遵循不同的“公式”或一套惯例。哑剧只使用动作和手势，不说话。情节剧夸大情感，使用英雄和反派等定型角色。自然主义力求尽可能逼真地再现生活，而喜剧则围绕误会和欢笑中的化解来构建。论坛剧场邀请观众提出修改建议并重演场景，以探索不同的结局。识别形式有助于你理解预期的风格和叙事规则。
7. Theatre Roles and Responsibilities | 剧场角色与职责
A theatre production is a team effort, and each role has a specific formula of duties. The director has the overall vision and guides actors. The stage manager runs rehearsals and calls cues during the show. Designers create the set, costumes, lighting, and sound. The technician operates equipment backstage. As an actor, your responsibility is to interpret your character, collaborate with the director, and maintain consistency in performance. Understanding these roles ensures smooth, safe, and professional productions.
戏剧制作是团队努力的结果，每个角色都有其特定的职责公式。导演掌握整体构想并指导演员。舞台监督负责排练并在演出期间发出提示。设计师创作布景、服装、灯光和音效。技术人员在后场操作设备。作为一名演员，你的职责是诠释角色，与导演合作，并在表演中保持一致性。理解这些角色能确保演出顺利、安全且专业。
8. Rehearsal Techniques and Process | 排练技巧与流程
Rehearsals are where the raw material of a script is transformed through practical exploration. Common techniques include improvisation to develop scenes spontaneously, role-on-the-wall to map a character’s inner and outer traits on a drawn outline, and freeze-frame or still image to capture and analyse a key moment. The rehearsal process typically moves from read-throughs and blocking to detailed character work, technical rehearsals, and finally dress rehearsals. A helpful formula: Explore → Experiment → Refine → Perform.
排练是将剧本的原始素材通过实践探索加以转变的过程。常见的技巧包括即兴表演，以自发的方式发展场景；角色上墙，在画出的轮廓上标注角色的内外特质；以及定格画面，用以捕捉和分析关键时刻。排练流程通常从通读和走位，到详细的角色揣摩，再到技术排练，最后是带妆彩排。一个有用的公式：探索 → 实验 → 打磨 → 表演。
9. Lighting and Sound Conventions | 灯光与音效惯例
Lighting and sound are not merely technical add-ons; they are storytelling tools. A blackout signals a sudden end or change. A spotlight isolates a character for a soliloquy. Coloured gels convey mood: blue for cold or calm, red for danger or passion. Sound can be diegetic (heard by characters, like a telephone ringing) or non-diegetic (only heard by the audience, like dramatic music). The formula for supporting a moment: Lighting state + sound cue = enhanced atmosphere and focus.
灯光和音效不仅仅是技术附加物，它们是叙事的工具。黑场预示着突然的结束或变化。追光将角色孤立出来进行独白。彩色滤光片传达情绪：蓝色表示寒冷或平静，红色表示危险或激情。声音可以是故事内的（角色能听到，如电话铃声）或故事外的（只有观众能听到，如戏剧性音乐）。强化某个瞬间的公式：灯光状态 + 音效提示 = 增强的氛围和焦点。
10. Set, Props and Costume Language | 布景、道具与服装语言
Every physical item on stage communicates meaning. The set establishes time, place, and social context. A prop (short for property) is any object handled by an actor; a prop can be a personal prop (carried by the actor) or a set prop (a piece of furniture, for example). Costume instantly tells the audience about a character’s age, status, occupation, and personality. The design formula is: Set + props + costume = visual storytelling. Period, colour, and condition are all deliberate choices.
舞台上每一件实物都传递着意义。布景确立时间、地点和社会背景。道具（property的简称）是演员在表演中使用的任何物品；道具可以是随身道具（演员携带的）或陈设道具（如一件家具）。服装能立刻告诉观众关于角色的年龄、地位、职业和个性。设计公式是：布景 + 道具 + 服装 = 视觉叙事。时代、颜色和状态都是经过深思熟虑的选择。
11. Script Analysis and Notation | 剧本分析与标记
Reading a script is like reading a map. You will encounter stage directions written in italics or brackets, telling you what to do and where to move. Dialogue is what characters say aloud, while subtext is the true meaning underneath the words. Actors often annotate their scripts, marking beats, pauses, emotional shifts, and movements. A marking formula: Underline key words → note the objective for each speech → mark any physical action. This transforms a page into a performance plan.
阅读剧本就像阅读地图。你会遇到以斜体或括号写成的舞台指示，告诉你该做什么、怎么移动。台词是角色大声说出的话，而潜台词则是言语背后的真正含义。演员常常会标注自己的剧本，标记节拍、停顿、情绪变化和动作。一套标记公式：在关键词下划线 → 为每段台词注明目标 → 标记任何肢体动作。这会把一页纸变成一份表演计划。
12. Performance Reflection and Evaluation | 表演反思与评估
Reflection is where deep learning happens. After any performance or workshop, use the formula ‘What? So what? Now what?’ to structure your evaluation. What did you do or see? So what impact did it have on the audience or the story? Now what would you change or develop next time? Focus on specific moments, using the vocabulary you have learned – mention vocal skills, physical choices, use of space, and character development. This turns personal feeling into constructive, evidence-based analysis.
反思是深度学习发生的环节。在任何表演或工作坊之后，使用“什么？那又怎样？现在怎么办？”这一公式来构建你的评估。什么——你做了什么或看到了什么？那又怎样——它对观众或故事产生了什么影响？现在怎么办——你下次会改变或进一步发展什么？聚焦具体时刻，使用你学过的词汇——提及声音技巧、肢体选择、空间运用和角色发展。这会将个人感受转化为有建设性的、基于证据的分析。
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