📚 SQA Year 7 Psychology: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Revision Guide | SQA 七年级心理学：重要词汇与术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick revision guide for Year 7 SQA Psychology. This resource is designed to help you memorise essential psychological terms and concepts through clear definitions, simple examples, and bilingual explanations. Use the paired English–Chinese paragraphs to test yourself and improve your retention. By mastering these key words, you will build a strong foundation for all future psychology studies.
欢迎使用七年级 SQA 心理学快速复习指南。本资源通过清晰的定义、简单的示例和双语解释，帮助你记忆重要的心理学术语和概念。利用中英对照的段落进行自我测试，提高记忆力。掌握这些关键词汇，你将为进一步学习心理学打下坚实的基础。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. The mind refers to internal processes such as thoughts, emotions and memories, while behaviour means any observable action, like speaking, walking or writing. Psychologists aim to describe, explain, predict and sometimes change behaviour.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。心理指思维、情感和记忆等内部过程，而行为指任何可观察的动作，如说话、走路或书写。心理学家致力于描述、解释、预测，有时还会改变行为。
The scientific method is central to psychology. It involves forming a hypothesis, collecting data through observation or experiments, and drawing valid conclusions. This approach helps to avoid bias and ensures that findings are reliable and can be replicated.
科学方法是心理学的核心。它包括提出假设、通过观察或实验收集数据，并得出有效的结论。这种方法有助于避免偏见，确保研究结果可靠且可重复。
2. Memory: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储与提取
Memory can be understood as a three-stage process. Encoding is the first step, where information is converted into a form that the brain can store. For example, you might encode a phone number by repeating it acoustically (sound) or by linking it to a meaning (semantic).
记忆可以理解为一个三阶段的过程。编码是第一步，将信息转换成大脑能够存储的形式。例如，你可以通过听觉复述（声音）或联系其含义（语义）来编码一个电话号码。
Storage refers to maintaining the encoded information over time. The duration and capacity of storage depend on whether the information is held in short-term or long-term memory. Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information when you need it, such as recalling an answer during an exam.
存储指将编码后的信息长期保存。存储的持续时间和容量取决于信息是被保存在短时记忆还是长时记忆中。提取是在需要时访问已存储信息的过程，例如在考试中回忆答案。
Memory research also identifies different types of encoding: visual (image), acoustic (sound) and semantic (meaning). Semantic encoding tends to lead to the deepest level of processing and better recall.
记忆研究还指出了不同的编码类型：视觉编码（图像）、听觉编码（声音）和语义编码（意义）。语义编码往往带来最深层的加工和最好的回忆效果。
3. Types of Memory: Short-term and Long-term | 记忆类型：短时记忆与长时记忆
Psychologists often divide memory into two main stores: short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). STM holds a small amount of information for a brief period, while LTM stores vast amounts of information for a long time, potentially a lifetime.
心理学家通常将记忆分为两个主要存储系统：短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。短时记忆在短时间内保存少量信息，而长时记忆则长时间存储大量信息，甚至可能持续终生。
The table below summarises the key features of STM and LTM:
下表总结了短时记忆和长时记忆的主要特点：
| Memory Store 记忆存储 | Capacity 容量 | Duration 持续时长 | Encoding 编码 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short-term Memory 短时记忆 | 7 ± 2 items | 18–30 seconds | Mainly acoustic 主要是听觉编码 |
| Long-term Memory 长时记忆 | Potentially unlimited 可能无限 | Up to a lifetime 可达终生 | Mainly semantic 主要是语义编码 |
These findings are based on classic research: Miller (1956) proposed the ‘magic number’ 7±2 for STM capacity, while Peterson and Peterson (1959) showed that STM duration is very short without rehearsal. LTM encoding relies heavily on semantic processing, meaning we remember the gist of information rather than exact words.
这些发现基于经典研究：米勒（1956）提出了短时记忆容量的“神奇数字”7±2，而彼得森夫妇（1959）证明了若无复述，短时记忆持续时间极短。长时记忆的编码在很大程度上依赖语义加工，即我们记住的是信息的大意而非精确的词语。
4. Forgetting and Amnesia | 遗忘与失忆症
Forgetting is the inability to retrieve information that was once stored. The forgetting curve, discovered by Ebbinghaus, shows that forgetting happens rapidly at first and then levels off. One explanation is decay, where memory traces fade over time if not used.
遗忘是指无法提取曾经存储的信息。艾宾浩斯发现的遗忘曲线表明，遗忘最初发生得很快，之后趋于平缓。一种解释是衰退说，即记忆痕迹若不使用就会随时间消退。
Interference is another major cause of forgetting. Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the recall of new information, while retroactive interference happens when new information makes it harder to remember old memories.
干扰是遗忘的另一大原因。前摄干扰指旧信息干扰对新信息的回忆；倒摄干扰则是指新信息使得回忆旧信息变得更加困难。
Amnesia is a severe form of memory loss often caused by brain injury or disease. Retrograde amnesia involves losing memories from before the injury, while anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after the event.
失忆症是一种严重的记忆丧失，通常由脑损伤或疾病引起。逆行性失忆会导致受伤之前的记忆丢失，而顺行性失忆则是指无法在事件发生后形成新的记忆。
5. Attention and Perception | 注意与知觉
Attention is the cognitive process of focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring others. Selective attention allows you to concentrate on one conversation at a noisy party – often called the ‘cocktail party effect’. Divided attention refers to multitasking, although performance usually suffers when we try to attend to multiple tasks at once.
注意是集中关注某些刺激而忽略其他刺激的认知过程。选择性注意使你能够在嘈杂的聚会上专注于一场对话——常被称为“鸡尾酒会效应”。分配性注意指同时进行多项任务，但当我们试图同时关注多个任务时，表现通常会下降。
Perception is the brain’s interpretation of sensory information. It is not simply a copy of the physical world; it can be influenced by expectations, past experiences and context. Visual illusions, such as the Muller-Lyer illusion, demonstrate that perception does not always match reality.
知觉是大脑对感觉信息的解释。它不仅仅是物理世界的复制品，还受到期望、过去经验和情境的影响。视错觉（如缪勒-莱耶错觉）表明，知觉并不总是与现实相符。
The distinction between sensation and perception is important: sensation is the detection of stimuli by sense organs, while perception is the organisation and interpretation of those sensations.
区分感觉和知觉非常重要：感觉是感觉器官对刺激的觉察，而知觉是对这些感觉的组织和解释。
6. Research Methods: Variables and Hypotheses | 研究方法：变量与假设
In psychological experiments, a variable is any factor that can change. The independent variable (IV) is the factor manipulated by the researcher. The dependent variable (DV) is what is measured to see the effect of the IV. All other variables that might affect the DV are called extraneous variables and should be controlled.
在心理学实验中，变量是指任何可以变化的因素。自变量（IV）是研究者操纵的因素。因变量（DV）是被测量以观察自变量效应的因素。所有其他可能影响因变量的变量称为额外变量，应当加以控制。
A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables. An experimental hypothesis predicts that the IV will have an effect on the DV, while the null hypothesis states that any observed difference is due to chance. Good hypotheses are operationalised, meaning the variables are clearly defined.
假设是关于变量关系的一种可检验的预测。实验假设预测自变量会对因变量产生影响，而虚无假设则认为任何观察到的差异都是偶然造成的。好的假设是操作化的，即变量被清晰地定义。
7. Experimental Design | 实验设计
Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to conditions in an experiment. In an independent groups design, different participants take part in each condition. This avoids order effects, but individual differences between groups can act as extraneous variables.
实验设计指如何将参与者分配到实验的不同条件中。在独立组设计中，不同的参与者被分配到各个条件中。这避免了顺序效应，但组间的个体差异可能成为额外变量。
A repeated measures design uses the same participants in all conditions. This controls for individual differences, but may cause order effects (e.g. practice or fatigue). Matched pairs design tries to overcome these issues by pairing participants on key characteristics and then splitting them, though it is time-consuming.
重复测量设计在所有条件下使用相同的参与者。这控制了个人差异，但可能引起顺序效应（如练习或疲劳）。配对组设计则通过将参与者在关键特征上配对后分开，试图克服这些问题，但较为耗时。
Other important terms include the control group, which receives no treatment for comparison, and random allocation, which ensures each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any condition to minimise bias.
其他重要术语包括控制组（不接受处理以作比较）和随机分配（确保每位参与者有均等机会被分配到任一条件，以减少偏差）。
8. Ethical Considerations | 伦理考量
All psychological research must follow strict ethical guidelines to protect participants. Informed consent means that participants must be told the nature of the study and agree to take part without being coerced. If participants are under 16, parental consent is usually required.
所有心理学研究都必须遵循严格的伦理准则，以保护参与者。知情同意指必须告知参与者研究的性质，并使其在不受胁迫的情况下同意参与。如果参与者未满16岁，通常需要获得家长同意。
Sometimes researchers use deception to avoid demand characteristics, but it must be justified and followed by a full debriefing. Participants must also be reminded of their right to withdraw at any time and that all data will remain confidential.
有时研究人员会使用欺瞒以避免需求特征，但必须提供正当理由，并在事后进行全面事后解说。参与者还必须被告知他们拥有随时退出研究的权利，且所有数据将予以保密。
The British Psychological Society (BPS) provides a code of ethics that researchers must follow, covering protection from harm, privacy, and the responsible use of animals in research.
英国心理学会（BPS）制定了研究人员必须遵守的伦理准则，涵盖避免伤害、保护隐私以及在实验中负责任地使用动物等方面。
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