Year 7 AQA Chemistry: Glossary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 7 AQA 化学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 7 AQA Chemistry: Glossary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 7 AQA 化学：词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your essential glossary for Year 7 AQA Chemistry. In this guide, we break down every key term you need to know, with clear explanations and clever memory hooks. Understanding these words will not only help you describe what happens in the lab, but also build the foundations for future science success.

欢迎阅读你的 Year 7 AQA 化学核心词汇指南。在这份速记手册中，我们拆解了你需要掌握的每一个关键术语，提供清晰的解释和巧妙的记忆方法。理解这些词汇不仅能帮你描述实验室里发生的现象，还能为未来的科学学习打下坚实基础。

1. What is Matter? | 物质是什么？

Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). All objects, liquids, gases and even the air you breathe are matter. Energy, however, is not matter.

物质 – 任何具有质量并占据空间（体积）的东西。所有物体、液体、气体，甚至你呼吸的空气都是物质。但能量不是物质。

Mass – the amount of stuff in an object, measured in kilograms or grams. Unlike weight, mass does not change if you go to the Moon.

质量 – 物体中所含物质的多少，以千克或克为单位。与重量不同，即使你到了月球，质量也不会改变。

Volume – the amount of space an object or substance occupies. You can measure the volume of a liquid with a measuring cylinder in cm³ or mL.

体积 – 物体或物质占据的空间大小。你可以用量筒以 cm³ 或 mL 为单位测量液体的体积。

Particle – a tiny bit of matter. In Key Stage 3, we picture solids, liquids and gases as being made of particles that are constantly moving.

粒子 – 物质的微小单元。在 KS3 阶段，我们把固体、液体和气体想象成由不断运动的粒子构成。

---

2. States of Matter | 物质的状态

Solid – the state where particles are packed tightly in a regular pattern, vibrating in fixed positions. A solid has a definite shape and a fixed volume.

固体 – 粒子排列紧密、有规则，并在固定位置上振动的状态。固体有确定的形状和固定的体积。

Liquid – the state where particles are close together but can slide past each other. A liquid has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container.

液体 – 粒子相互靠近但可以相互滑过的状态。液体有固定的体积，但形状随容器而变。

Gas – the state where particles are far apart and move quickly in all directions. A gas has no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed easily.

气体 – 粒子相距很远且快速向各个方向运动的状态。气体没有固定的形状或体积，容易被压缩。

Particle model – a simple diagram that uses circles to represent particles. It helps explain how solids, liquids and gases behave.

粒子模型 – 用圆圈代表粒子的简单图示，能够解释固体、液体和气体的行为方式。

---

3. Changing States | 状态变化

Melting – the change from solid to liquid when a substance is heated to its melting point. Particles gain energy and start to move more freely.

熔化 – 物质受热至熔点时，由固态变为液态的过程。粒子获得能量，开始更自由地移动。

Freezing – the reverse of melting; a liquid turns into a solid as it cools. Particles lose energy and settle into fixed positions.

凝固 – 与熔化相反；液体冷却时变成固体。粒子失去能量，固定在规则位置上。

Boiling – the rapid change from liquid to gas throughout the liquid, occurring at the boiling point. Bubbles of gas form inside the liquid.

沸腾 – 在液体内部和表面同时发生的剧烈汽化，发生在沸点温度。液体内部会产生气泡。

Evaporation – the slower change from liquid to gas that happens only at the surface, at any temperature. Faster on a windy or warm day.

蒸发 – 仅在液体表面发生的较缓慢的汽化过程，可以在任何温度下进行。刮风或温暖的日子蒸发更快。

Condensation – the change from gas to liquid when a gas cools. You see it when water droplets form on a cold window.

冷凝 – 气体冷却时变为液体的过程。当你看到冷窗户上形成水珠时，那就是冷凝现象。

Sublimation – the unusual change from solid directly to gas, skipping the liquid state. Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) does this.

升华 – 固体跳过液态直接变为气体的特殊变化。固态二氧化碳（干冰）就会升华。

---

4. Atoms and Elements | 原子与元素

Atom – the smallest particle of an element that can exist. Everything is made of atoms; they are the building blocks of chemistry.

原子 – 元素能够存在的最小粒子。万物都由原子构成，它们是化学的基石。

Element – a pure substance made up of only one type of atom. There are about 100 elements, listed in the Periodic Table.

元素 – 仅由一种原子组成的纯净物。大约有 100 种元素，都列在元素周期表中。

Periodic Table – a chart that organizes all known elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements in the same column have similar properties.

元素周期表 – 将所有已知元素按原子序数递增顺序排列的图表。同一纵列的元素具有相似的性质。

Symbol – a one- or two-letter abbreviation for an element. For example, O stands for oxygen, Na for sodium (from its Latin name).

符号 – 表示元素的一两个字母的缩写。例如，O 代表氧，Na 代表钠（源自其拉丁名称）。

Atomic number – the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. This determines which element it is.

原子序数 – 原子核中质子的数目，它决定了该原子属于哪种元素。

---

5. Compounds and Molecules | 化合物与分子

Compound – a substance made from two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Water (H₂O) is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.

化合物 – 由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质。水（H₂O）就是氢和氧的化合物。

Molecule – a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. A molecule can be an element (like O₂) or a compound (like CO₂).

分子 – 由两个或多个原子通过化学键结合在一起形成的粒子。分子可以是单质（如 O₂），也可以是化合物（如 CO₂）。

Chemical formula – a combination of symbols and numbers that shows the types and ratios of atoms in a substance. For example, CO₂ has one carbon and two oxygen atoms.

化学式 – 用元素符号和数字表示物质中原子种类与个数的组合。例如，CO₂ 表示一个碳原子和两个氧原子。

Subscript – the small number written after an element symbol in a formula. In H₂O, the ₂ means there are two hydrogen atoms.

下标 – 化学式中写在元素符号右下角的小数字。在 H₂O 中，₂ 表示有两个氢原子。

Bond – the force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound. Think of it as a strong chemical glue.

键 – 把分子或化合物中的原子连接在一起的力。可以把它想象成一种强力的化学胶水。

---

6. Mixtures | 混合物

Mixture – two or more substances mixed together but not chemically joined. Each substance keeps its own properties, and mixtures can usually be separated.

混合物 – 两种或多种物质混合在一起但未发生化学结合。每种物质都保持其原有的性质，混合物通常可以被分离开。

Solution – a special type of mixture where a solute dissolves completely in a solvent, forming a clear liquid. Salt water is a solution.

溶液 – 一种特殊的混合物，溶质完全溶解在溶剂中，形成澄清的液体。盐水就是一种溶液。

Solute – the substance that dissolves in a solvent to make a solution. In seawater, salt is the main solute.

溶质 – 溶解在溶剂中形成溶液的物质。在海水中，盐是主要的溶质。

Solvent – the liquid that a solute dissolves into. Water is the universal solvent in most school experiments.

溶剂 – 能溶解溶质的液体。在大多数学校实验中，水是通用溶剂。

Soluble / Insoluble – a substance is soluble if it can dissolve in a given solvent; insoluble if it cannot. Sand is insoluble in water.

可溶 / 不溶 – 如果一种物质能溶解在某种溶剂中，它就是可溶的；如果不能，则是不溶的。沙子不溶于水。

Filtration – a separation method using filter paper to trap insoluble solids while letting liquid pass through. Useful for separating sand from water.

过滤 – 一种利用滤纸截留不溶性固体而让液体通过的分离开法。可用于分离沙子与水。

Distillation – a technique that involves boiling a liquid and then condensing the vapour to obtain a pure solvent or to separate liquids with different boiling points.

蒸馏 – 将液体煮沸后冷凝其蒸气，以获取纯溶剂或分离沸点不同的液体。

Chromatography – a technique that separates coloured substances in a mixture. A spot of ink on paper rises with a solvent, spreading into different colours.

色谱法 – 分离混合物中带色物质的技术。纸上的一点墨水随着溶剂上升，扩散出不同颜色。

---

7. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化

Physical change – a change where no new substance is made; it is often reversible. Examples include melting ice, dissolving sugar or tearing paper.

物理变化 – 没有新物质生成的变化，通常是可逆的。例如冰熔化、糖溶解或撕碎纸张。

Chemical change – a change that produces one or more new substances; it is usually difficult to reverse. Signs include colour change, fizzing, heating or a solid appearing.

化学变化 – 生成一种或多种新物质的变化，通常难以逆转。迹象包括颜色改变、冒泡、放热或生成沉淀。

Reversible reaction – a reaction that can go forwards and backwards. Melting and freezing are reversible physical changes, while some chemical reactions can also be reversed under the right conditions.

可逆反应 – 可以正向和逆向进行的反应。熔化和凝固是可逆的物理变化，而一些化学反应在特定条件下也可逆转。

Irreversible change – a change that cannot easily be undone. Burning wood is an irreversible chemical change because new substances like ash and gases are made.

不可逆变化 – 不易恢复原状的变化。燃烧木材是不可逆的化学变化，因为生成了灰烬和气体等新物质。

---

8. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应

Reactant – a substance you start with in a chemical reaction. In the reaction between vinegar and baking soda, vinegar and baking soda are reactants.

反应物 – 在化学反应开始时使用的物质。在醋和小苏打的反应中，醋和小苏打就是反应物。

Product – a substance made in a chemical reaction. The fizz in the vinegar–baking soda reaction produces carbon dioxide gas as a product.

生成物 – 化学反应中生成的物质。醋和小苏打反应产生的气泡就生成了二氧化碳气体。

Word equation – a simple way of representing a reaction using the names of chemicals. Example: sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen.

文字方程式 – 用物质名称表示化学反应的简单方式。例如：钠 + 水 → 氢氧化钠 + 氢气。

Conservation of mass – the principle that total mass stays the same in a chemical reaction. Atoms are rearranged but none are lost or gained.

质量守恒 – 化学反应中总质量保持不变的原则。原子只是重新排列，既没有消失也没有增加。

Rearrangement of atoms – the idea that during a chemical reaction, atoms in the reactants split apart and reconnect to form the products.

原子重排 – 在化学反应过程中，反应物中的原子分裂并重新连接，形成生成物。

---

9. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱

Acid – a substance with a pH less than 7 that often tastes sour (but never taste in the lab). Lemon juice and vinegar contain acids.

酸 – pH 小于 7 的物质，通常尝起来有酸味（但在实验室中绝不可品尝）。柠檬汁和醋都含酸。

Alkali – a soluble base with a pH greater than 7; it feels soapy and can neutralise acids. Sodium hydroxide solution is a common alkali.

碱 – 一种可溶的碱性物质，pH 大于 7，手感滑腻且能中和酸。氢氧化钠溶液是常见的碱。

Base – a broader term for substances that can neutralise acids. Metal oxides, like copper oxide, are bases but may not be soluble.

碱性物质 – 一个更广泛的术语，指能中和酸的物质。金属氧化物如氧化铜是碱性物质，但可能难溶。

Neutralisation – the reaction between an acid and an alkali (or base) that produces a salt and water. The pH moves towards 7.

中和反应 – 酸和碱（或碱性物质）反应生成盐和水的过程。pH 会趋向 7。

Indicator – a dye that changes colour depending on pH. Litmus turns red in acid and blue in alkali; universal indicator shows a full spectrum of colours.

指示剂 – 一种随 pH 变化而改变颜色的染料。石蕊在酸性中变红，在碱性中变蓝；通用指示剂则显示全谱颜色。

---

10. The pH Scale | pH 尺度

pH scale – a number scale from 0 to 14 that shows how acidic or alkaline a solution is. Low numbers are acidic, 7 is neutral, and high numbers are alkaline.

pH 尺度 – 从 0 到 14 的数值标尺，显示溶液的酸碱性程度。数值低为酸性，7 为中性，数值高为碱性。

Acidic solution – a solution with a pH below 7. Stomach acid has a pH around 1–2, while orange juice is about 3.5.

酸性溶液 – pH 低于 7 的溶液。胃酸的 pH 约 1–2，而橙汁约为 3.5。

Alkaline solution – a solution with a pH above 7. Soapy water is weakly alkaline, while bleach is strongly alkaline around pH 12–13.

碱性溶液 – pH 高于 7 的溶液。肥皂水呈弱碱性，而漂白剂呈强碱性，pH 约 12–13。

Neutral – a solution with pH 7, neither acidic nor alkaline. Pure water is neutral.

中性 – pH 等于 7，既非酸性也非碱性。纯水是中性的。

Universal indicator – a mixture of dyes that turns different colours across the pH scale. Green means neutral, red means acidic, and purple means strongly alkaline.

通用指示剂 – 混合多种染料而成，能在整个 pH 范围内显示不同颜色。绿色代表中性，红色代表酸性，紫色代表强碱性。

---

11. Memorisation Tips & Tricks | 记忆技巧与窍门

Use acronyms. To remember the order of colour changes for universal indicator, try ‘Really Red, Orange Yellow, Green Blue, Indigo Violet’ – matching pH 1 to 14. Think of a rainbow with red at one end and violet at the other.

使用首字母缩略词。 要记通用指示剂的颜色变化顺序，试试“红橙黄绿蓝靛紫”——对应 pH 1 到 14。想象一条彩虹，一端是红色，另一端是紫色。

Picture particles. Visualising the particle model helps you recall why solids hold their shape while gases spread out. Draw quick stick-figure animations of particles moving.

将粒子想象成图像。 在脑海中把粒子模型图像化，有助于记住为什么固体能保持形状而气体会扩散。你可以画出简单的粒子运动定格动画。

Word roots. Many chemistry terms come from Latin or Greek. ‘Hydro’ means water (hydrogen = water-maker), ‘chlor’ means green (chlorine, chlorophyll), and ‘photo’ means light (photosynthesis). Learning roots unlocks many words at once.

词根法。 许多化学术语源于拉丁语或希腊语。“Hydro”表示水（hydrogen 意为生水者），“chlor”表示绿色（氯 chlorine，叶绿素 chlorophyll），“photo”表示光（光合作用 photosynthesis）。学习词根可以一次解开多个词汇。

Pair opposites. Learn pairs together: melting ↔ freezing, evaporation ↔ condensation, acid ↔ alkali, solute ↔ solvent. This halves your memory work.

成对记忆反义词。 把成对的概念放在一起学习：熔化 ↔ 凝固，蒸发 ↔ 冷凝，酸 ↔ 碱，溶质 ↔ 溶剂。这样能让记忆量减半。

Tell a story. Turn a neutralisation reaction into a superhero tale: ‘Captain Acid (pH 2) and Lady Alkali (pH 12) clash, but they settle their differences to become Salt the Neutral (pH 7) with a burst of water.’ Stories are far more memorable than dry definitions.

编故事。 把中和反应变成超级英雄故事：“酸性队长（pH 2）与碱性女士（pH 12）发生冲突，但他们化解分歧，变成中性的盐先生（pH 7）并释放出水。”故事比枯燥的定义更容易记住。

Use mnemonics for formulae. To recall CO₂ is carbon dioxide, think ‘C–O–O, one carbon and two oxygens’. For H₂O, picture a water molecule as Mickey Mouse – a big oxygen head with two small hydrogen ears.

用助记符记化学式。 要记住 CO₂ 是二氧化碳，就想“C–O–O，一个碳两个氧”。至于 H₂O，把水分子想象成米老鼠——一个大大的氧脑袋带着两个小小的氢耳朵。

Flashcards with colour. Write the term on one side and the definition on the other, using colour codes: pink for acids, blue for alkalis, green for neutral. The colour association strengthens recall.

彩色抽认卡。 一面写术语，另一面写定义，用颜色编码：粉色代表酸，蓝色代表碱，绿色代表中性。色彩关联能加强记忆。

---

Published by TutorHao | Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）