📚 Year 7 AQA Engineering: High-Frequency Topics & Common Mistakes Analysis | Year 7 AQA 工程：高频考点与易错题分析
This article covers the most frequently tested topics in Year 7 AQA Engineering, along with common mistakes students make. Understanding these areas will help you avoid losing marks and build a strong foundation in engineering principles.
本文涵盖了 Year 7 AQA 工程中最常考的主题以及学生常犯的错误。掌握这些内容有助于避免失分，并为工程原理打下坚实基础。
1. Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程
The engineering design process is a series of steps that engineers follow to come up with a solution to a problem. The typical stages are: Define the problem, Research, Brainstorm ideas, Build a prototype, Test and Evaluate, and then Improve. A common mistake is to skip the research or testing phase, leading to a design that does not meet the requirements.
工程设计流程是工程师解决问题所遵循的一系列步骤。典型阶段包括：定义问题、研究、头脑风暴、制作原型、测试与评估，然后改进。一个常见错误是跳过研究或测试阶段，导致设计无法满足需求。
Students often rush to build a model without clearly defining the problem. For example, if asked to design a bridge to hold weight, they must first understand the span and load requirements. Without a clear problem statement, the solution may be weak or overly complicated.
学生往往匆忙建模，却没有明确问题。例如，若要求设计一座承重桥，首先必须了解跨度和载荷要求。没有清晰的问题陈述，解决方案可能薄弱或过于复杂。
Another common pitfall is ignoring the evaluate stage. After testing, engineers should reflect on what worked and what didn’t. In exams, you might be asked to suggest improvements based on test results. Always relate improvements back to the original specification.
另一个常见陷阱是忽略评估阶段。测试后，工程师应反思有效和无效之处。考试中可能要求根据测试结果提出改进。务必将改进点与原始规格联系起来。
2. Materials and Properties | 材料与属性
Engineers select materials based on their properties: hardness (resistance to scratching), strength (ability to withstand force without breaking), toughness (ability to absorb energy without fracturing), conductivity (ability to conduct heat or electricity), and density (mass per volume). A common error is confusing strength with hardness.
工程师根据材料属性选材：硬度（抗划伤能力）、强度（承受力而不破坏的能力）、韧性（吸收能量而不断裂的能力）、导电/导热性以及密度（单位体积质量）。常见错误是混淆强度与硬度。
For example, glass is very hard (it scratches glass) but not strong in tension – it breaks easily under a bending force. Steel is both hard and strong. In an exam, you may be given a table of materials and asked to choose the most suitable one for a car body, which requires strength, formability, and light weight.
例如，玻璃很硬（能刮伤玻璃），但拉伸强度不高——受弯时容易碎裂。钢材既硬又强。考试中可能会给出材料表格，要求为汽车车身选择最合适的材料，这需要强度、可成形性和轻量化。
Also, watch out for units when calculating density: density = mass / volume. If mass is in grams and volume in cm³, density is in g/cm³. A mistake is mixing units, like using kg and cm³ without conversion.
同时，注意计算密度时的单位：密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积。若质量单位为克、体积为立方厘米，则密度单位为 g/cm³。错误示例：使用千克和立方厘米而不进行换算。
3. Forces
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