Year 7 AQA Engineering: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | 七年级AQA工程：暑期预习与衔接课程

📚 Year 7 AQA Engineering: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | 七年级AQA工程：暑期预习与衔接课程

Welcome to the exciting world of engineering! This summer bridging course will introduce you to the key ideas and skills you will explore in your Year 7 AQA Engineering lessons. You will discover how engineers solve problems, design new products, and use science and maths to make things work. Take your time reading through each section, try the simple activities, and come to class ready to create, test and improve.

欢迎来到激动人心的工程世界！这门暑期衔接课程将带你了解七年级AQA工程课程中的核心概念和技能。你将发现工程师如何解决问题、设计新产品，以及如何运用科学和数学让各种东西运转起来。请花些时间阅读每一节，尝试简单的活动，然后带着创造、测试和改进的热情走进课堂。

1. What Is Engineering? | 什么是工程？

Engineering is all about using scientific and mathematical principles to design, build and improve things that people use every day. From bridges and buildings to smartphones and sports shoes, engineers turn ideas into reality. They ask questions, plan carefully and test their solutions to make sure they are safe, efficient and sustainable.

工程就是运用科学和数学原理来设计、建造和改进人们日常使用的物品。从桥梁、建筑到智能手机和运动鞋，工程师把想法变成现实。他们提出问题、认真规划并测试方案，确保它们安全、高效且可持续。

There are many branches of engineering, including civil, mechanical, electrical and software engineering. In Year 7, you will get a taste of these different areas and learn how they all connect. You do not need to be an expert builder or a coding genius right now—curiosity and a willingness to try new things are the most important tools you can bring.

工程有许多分支，包括土木工程、机械工程、电气工程和软件工程。在七年级，你将初步感受这些不同领域，并了解它们是如何联系在一起的。你现在不需要成为建筑专家或编程天才——好奇心和尝试新事物的意愿才是你最重要的工具。

2. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程

Engineers follow a structured approach to solve problems, often called the design process. It starts with identifying a need or a problem. Next, they research existing solutions and set specific criteria for success. Then they generate multiple ideas, select the most promising one, and develop a detailed design. A prototype is built and tested, and results are used to refine the product. This cycle of testing and improving repeats until the solution meets all requirements.

工程师遵循一套结构化的方法来解决问题，通常称为设计流程。它从确定需求或问题开始。接着，他们研究现有的解决方案，并设定明确的成功标准。然后，他们提出多种想法，选择最有前景的一个，并展开详细设计。制作原型并进行测试，利用测试结果改进产品。这种测试和改进的循环不断重复，直到解决方案满足所有要求。

You will use a simplified version of this process in class: Ask, Imagine, Plan, Create, Test, Improve. Keep a notebook where you can sketch ideas and write down what works and what does not. Failure is just a step towards a better design—every failed test teaches you something valuable.

在课堂上，你将使用这个流程的简化版：提问、想象、计划、创造、测试、改进。准备一个笔记本，随手画下你的想法，记录哪些有效、哪些无效。失败只是通向更优设计的一步——每一次失败的测试都让你学到了宝贵的东西。

3. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性质

Choosing the right material is crucial in engineering. Materials can be grouped into metals, polymers, ceramics, composites and natural materials. Each has distinct properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility, conductivity and density. For example, steel is strong and durable, making it ideal for building frames, while plastic is lightweight and can be moulded into complex shapes for casings and containers.

选择合适的材料在工程中至关重要。材料可以分为金属、聚合物、陶瓷、复合材料和天然材料。每种材料都有独特的性质，如强度、硬度、柔韧性、导电性和密度。例如，钢材坚固耐用，非常适合建筑框架；而塑料重量轻，可以注塑成复杂形状，用于制造外壳和容器。

In Year 7, you will explore common materials like wood, acrylic, aluminium and cardboard. You will test samples to discover how they behave under load, when heated, or when exposed to moisture. Start observing the materials around your home—why is a saucepan made of metal but its handle often made of plastic? Thinking like an engineer means noticing these choices everywhere.

在七年级，你将探究木材、亚克力、铝和纸板等常见材料。你会测试样品，观察它们在受力、受热或受潮时的表现。开始观察你家里的各种材料吧——为什么锅是金属做的，而锅把手通常是塑料的？像工程师一样思考，意味着处处留意这些选择。

4. Forces and Structures | 力与结构

Every structure, from a simple chair to a skyscraper, must withstand forces without collapsing. The main types of forces are tension (pulling), compression (pushing), bending, torsion (twisting) and shear (sliding). Engineers design shapes and supports to distribute these forces safely. Triangles are especially strong in frameworks because they do not easily change shape under stress—that is why you see so many triangles in bridges and towers.

每一个结构，从简单的椅子到摩天大楼，都必须承受各种力而不倒塌。主要的力的类型有拉力、压力、弯曲、扭转和剪切。工程师设计形状和支撑结构来安全地分散这些力。三角形在框架结构中特别坚固，因为它们在受力时不容易变形——这就是你在桥梁和塔架上看到许多三角形的原因。

You can experiment with paper straws and tape to build a tower that can hold a small weight. Try both square-based and triangle-based designs. This hands-on challenge will prepare you for the structural projects you will tackle in class, where you will also calculate simple loads and test your models.

你可以用纸吸管和胶带搭建一个能承受小重物的塔。尝试方形和三角形两种设计。这项动手挑战将为你在课堂上进行的结构项目做好准备，到时你还会计算简单荷载并测试你的模型。

5. Simple Mechanisms and Mechanical Systems | 简单机构与机械系统

Mechanisms are devices that change one type of motion or force into another. Levers, pulleys, gears and linkages are all examples. A lever amplifies an input force so you can lift a heavy load with less effort; a pulley system changes the direction of a force and can provide mechanical advantage. Understanding these simple machines helps engineers design everything from bicycle gears to construction cranes.

机构是将一种运动或力转变为另一种的装置。杠杆、滑轮、齿轮和连杆都是例子。杠杆能放大输入力，让你用较小的力举起重物；滑轮系统改变力的方向，并能提供机械效益。理解这些简单机械能帮助工程师设计从自行车齿轮到建筑起重机的一切。

Gears are particularly important: they can increase speed or torque depending on their arrangement. A small gear driving a large gear multiplies torque but reduces speed; the opposite arrangement increases speed. In Year 7 you will build simple gear trains and measure their performance. You can practise at home by examining the gears on a bicycle—count the teeth and observe how the wheels turn.

齿轮尤其重要：根据排列方式，它们可以增加速度或扭矩。小齿轮带动大齿轮会放大扭矩却降低转速；相反排列则会提高转速。在七年级，你将搭建简单的齿轮组并测量其表现。你可以在家里练习，观察自行车上的齿轮——数一数齿数，看看轮子如何转动。

6. Introduction to Electrical Circuits | 电路入门

Electrical engineering focuses on circuits that power everything from torches to computers. A simple circuit consists of a power source (like a battery), conductors (wires) and a load (such as a bulb or motor). Current, measured in amperes (A), flows only when a complete loop is formed. Voltage (V) is the electrical push, and resistance (Ω) limits the flow. Ohm’s law states:

电气工程关注的是为从手电筒到计算机等一切设备供电的电路。一个简单的电路由电源（如电池）、导体（导线）和负载（如灯泡或电动机）组成。只有当形成完整回路时，电流（单位为安培 A）才会流动。电压（V）是电的推动力，电阻（Ω）限制电流。欧姆定律指出：

V = I × R

You will learn to build series and parallel circuits on breadboards. In a series circuit, components share the same current; if one bulb fails, the circuit breaks. In a parallel circuit, each branch gets the full voltage; if one bulb fails, the others continue to work—this is how most home lighting is wired. Safety is vital: never experiment with mains electricity, and always check your circuit before connecting a battery.

你将学习在面包板上搭建串联和并联电路。在串联电路中，各元件共享同一电流；如果一个灯泡烧坏，整个电路断开。在并联电路中，每条支路获得完整电压；就算一个灯泡坏了，其他灯泡仍能工作——大多数家庭照明就是这样接线的。安全至关重要：绝对不要用市电做实验，连接电池前务必检查你的电路。

7. Electronics and Control Systems | 电子与控制系统

Beyond simple circuits, engineers use electronic components to process signals and control devices. Sensors detect changes in the environment—temperature, light, motion—and microcontrollers make decisions based on that input. This is the foundation of robotics and automation. An everyday example is a streetlamp that automatically turns on when it gets dark, using a light-dependent resistor (LDR) in its circuit.

在简单电路之外，工程师使用电子元件处理信号并控制设备。传感器检测环境变化——温度、光线、运动——微控制器根据这些输入做出决策。这是机器人与自动化的基础。一个日常例子是路灯：它利用电路中的光敏电阻（LDR），在天黑时自动点亮。

In Year 7, you might work with simple microcontrollers like the BBC micro:bit or an Arduino. You will write basic programs to make LEDs flash, or to respond to button presses. This combines engineering with computer programming, teaching you logical thinking and debugging skills. Start playing with block-based coding platforms like Scratch or MakeCode to get comfortable with sequencing and loops.

在七年级，你可能会使用简单的微控制器，如BBC micro:bit或Arduino。你会编写基础程序让LED闪烁，或响应按钮按压。这不仅将工程与计算机编程结合，还教会你逻辑思维和调试技能。开始尝试像Scratch或MakeCode这样的积木式编程平台，熟悉顺序结构和循环吧。

8. Energy, Power and Sustainability | 能源、动力与可持续发展

Engineers are deeply involved in how we generate, store and use energy. Renewable sources such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power are becoming more important as we try to reduce carbon emissions. Understanding energy transfers and efficiency helps engineers design greener buildings, vehicles and devices. The unit for energy is the joule (J), and power is measured in watts (W), where one watt equals one joule per second.

工程师深入参与我们如何产生、储存和使用能源。随着我们努力减少碳排放，太阳能、风能和水电等可再生能源变得越来越重要。理解能量转换和效率有助于工程师设计更环保的建筑、车辆和设备。能量的单位是焦耳（J），功率的单位是瓦特（W），1瓦特等于每秒1焦耳。

During the course, you will investigate solar panels and model wind turbines. You will measure output under different conditions and calculate efficiency. Sustainability also means choosing materials wisely and designing products that can be repaired or recycled. Try thinking about the full life cycle of a product—from raw material to disposal—and ask what choices an engineer could make to reduce its environmental impact.

在本课程中，你将研究太阳能电池板并制作风力涡轮机模型。你将在不同条件下测量输出，并计算效率。可持续发展还意味着明智选材，设计可维修或可回收的产品。试着思考一个产品从原材料到废弃的完整生命周期，并追问工程师可以做出哪些选择来减少其环境影响。

9. Technical Drawing and CAD | 技术制图与计算机辅助设计

Communicating design ideas clearly is essential in engineering. You will learn to produce neat, scaled technical drawings using standard conventions like solid lines for visible edges and dashed lines for hidden details. Isometric drawing helps you show a 3D object on 2D paper, while orthographic projection provides accurate front, side and plan views.

清晰传达设计构思在工程中至关重要。你将学习绘制整洁、按比例的技术图纸，使用标准规范，如实线表示可见边，虚线表示隐藏细节。等轴测图帮助你在二维纸面上表现三维物体，而正投影图则提供精确的前视图、侧视图和俯视图。

Later, you will move into computer-aided design (CAD) using software like Tinkercad or Fusion 360. CAD allows you to create 3D models that can be tested, modified and even 3D printed. This summer, try sketching simple objects around your house—a mug, a toy block—in isometric view. Practising now will make your first CAD lessons much smoother.

之后，你将进入计算机辅助设计（CAD），使用Tinkercad或Fusion 360等软件。CAD能让你创建可以测试、修改甚至3D打印的三维模型。这个暑假，试着用等轴测视图素描家里的简单物品——一个杯子、一块积木。提前练习会让你第一节CAD课顺利得多。

10. Health and Safety in the Workshop | 工作坊中的健康与安全

Working with tools, machines and materials involves risks, so safety is always the top priority. You must wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety goggles and aprons. Learn to tie back long hair, roll up sleeves and keep your workspace tidy. Always listen carefully to instructions and never use a machine until you have been shown how and have received permission.

使用工具、机器和材料涉及风险，因此安全永远是第一要务。你必须穿戴适当的个人防护装备（PPE），如护目镜和工作围裙。学会扎起长发、卷起袖子、保持工作区域整洁。始终认真听取指导，未经示范和许可，绝对不要操作机器。

You will also learn about hazard symbols for substances like flammable or corrosive materials, and how to respond in an emergency. Getting into good safety habits now will serve you throughout your engineering journey. Before you start any summer building project, do a quick risk assessment: what could go wrong, and how can you prevent it?

你还将学习易燃或腐蚀性材料等危险品的警示标志，以及紧急情况下的应对方法。现在就养成良好的安全习惯，将让你在整个工程旅程中受益。在你开始任何暑期搭建项目前，做一个简单的风险评估：可能出什么错？你该如何预防？

11. Teamwork and Communication | 团队合作与沟通

Engineering is rarely a solo activity. You will often work in small teams to brainstorm, share tasks and combine your strengths. Clear communication—both speaking and listening—helps avoid mistakes and sparks better ideas. You will also practise presenting your designs to the class, explaining your choices and accepting feedback positively.

工程很少是孤军奋战的。你将经常在小组中集思广益、分担任务并融合各自的优势。清晰的沟通——包括表达和倾听——有助于避免错误，激发更好的创意。你也会练习向全班展示你的设计，解释你的选择，并积极接受反馈。

During the summer, you can build teamwork skills through group activities like constructing a bridge from newspaper that holds a textbook, or designing a paper rocket. Pay attention to how you divide roles and support each other. Engineers need both technical knowledge and the ability to work well with others—start strengthening both now.

在暑假，你可以通过小组活动锻炼团队合作技能，比如用报纸搭建一座能托起教科书的桥，或设计一枚纸火箭。留意你们如何分配角色、互相支持。工程师既需要技术知识，也需要与他人协作的能力——现在就开始加强这两方面吧。

12. Getting Ready for Year 7 | 为七年级做好准备

To make the most of your Engineering lessons, start collecting interesting objects and materials that you can repurpose. A cardboard tube, an old toy motor, bottle caps and elastic bands can become valuable parts for future prototypes. Keep an ‘engineer’s notebook’ where you sketch designs, jot down questions and record the results of your home experiments.

为了充分利用你的工程课，开始收集有趣的、可以重新利用的物品和材料。一个纸筒、一个旧玩具小马达、瓶盖和橡皮筋都可能成为未来原型制作的重要部件。准备一本“工程师笔记”，在上面画设计草图、记下问题，并记录家庭实验的结果。

Ask questions about the designed world around you: how does a zipper work? Why are some bridges curved? What makes a smartphone case sturdy yet slim? Researching these curiosities online or in library books will build your background knowledge. Finally, stay curious and patient—great engineers are made one small project at a time.

对你周围的设计世界提出疑问：拉链的工作原理是什么？为什么有些桥梁是弯曲的？什么让手机壳既坚固又轻薄？在网上或通过书籍探究这些好奇点，会丰富你的背景知识。最后，保持好奇心和耐心——杰出的工程师是一次次小项目积累而成的。

Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com

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Year 7 AQA Engineering: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | 七年级AQA工程：暑期预习与衔接课程