📚 Year 7 AQA French: Formula & Rule Quick-Reference Handbook | Year 7 AQA 法语:公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook presents the essential French grammar rules and sentence patterns you need for Year 7 AQA French, just like a maths formula sheet. Master these “formulas” and you will build correct, confident sentences in no time. Each section gives you the rule, a memorable pattern and clear examples.
这本速查手册为你整理了 Year 7 AQA 法语必须掌握的核心语法规则和句型模式,就像数学公式表一样。掌握这些“公式”,你就能快速、准确地构建法语句子。每个部分都提供了规则、易记的模式和清晰的例子。
1. Subject Pronouns | 主语人称代词
Every French sentence needs a subject pronoun. They tell you who is doing the action. Here is the complete list with the English equivalent.
每个法语句子都需要主语人称代词,它们告诉你动作的执行者是谁。下面是完整列表及英语对应。
| French | English |
|---|---|
| je / j’ | I |
| tu | you (singular, informal) |
| il | he / it (masculine) |
| elle | she / it (feminine) |
| nous | we |
| vous | you (plural or formal singular) |
| ils | they (masculine or mixed group) |
| elles | they (all-feminine group) |
Use je when talking about yourself and tu for a friend. Il/elle can refer to a person or a thing because all French nouns have a gender.
谈论自己时用 je,称呼朋友用 tu。Il/elle 可以指人或事物,因为所有法语名词都有阴阳性。
2. Present Tense of -er Verbs | -er 动词现在时变位公式
The largest family of French verbs ends in -er. To conjugate them, remove the -er ending to find the stem, then add the following endings. This is your most important “verb formula” in Year 7.
最大的一类法语动词以 -er 结尾。变位时,先去掉 -er 得到词干,再加上下列词尾。这是 Year 7 最重要的“动词公式”。
STEM (parl-) + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent
| Subject | Ending | parler (to speak) |
|---|---|---|
| je | -e | je parle |
| tu | -es | tu parles |
| il/elle | -e | il/elle parle |
| nous | -ons | nous parlons |
| vous | -ez | vous parlez |
| ils/elles | -ent | ils/elles parlent |
Other common -er verbs include aimer (to like/love), habiter (to live), regarder (to watch) and jouer (to play). Practise the formula on these and you will instantly unlock hundreds of verbs.
其他常见的 -er 动词包括 aimer(喜欢)、habiter(居住)、regarder(看)和 jouer(玩耍)。用这个公式练习这些动词,你就能立刻掌握数百个动词。
3. Regular -ir and -re Verb Patterns | 规则 -ir 与 -re 动词变位模式
Once you are confident with -er verbs, you can extend the formula to the other two regular families. The pattern changes but the logic stays the same: remove the infinitive ending and add the subject endings.
一旦你熟练掌握了 -er 动词,就可以将公式扩展到另外两种规则动词家族。模式有所变化,但逻辑不变:去掉不定式结尾,加上对应的主语词尾。
finir (to finish): -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent
vendre (to sell): -s, -s, —, -ons, -ez, -ent
For finir you add -is for je/tu and -it for il/elle, but the nous and vous forms have an extra -iss- before the ending. For vendre the il/elle form drops the ending entirely, but the other endings follow the familiar nous -ons, vous -ez, ils/elles -ent pattern.
对于 finir,je/tu 加 -is,il/elle 加 -it,但 nous 和 vous 形式在词尾前要多加 -iss-。对于 vendre,il/elle 形式完全不加词尾,而其他人称沿用我们熟悉的 nous -ons、vous -ez、ils/elles -ent 模式。
- Je finis mes devoirs. / I finish my homework. (我完成作业。)
- Nous finissons le projet. / We finish the project. (我们完成项目。)
- Il vend sa voiture. / He sells his car. (他卖掉他的车。)
- Elles vendent des fleurs. / They sell flowers. (她们卖花。)
4. Key Irregular Verbs: être, avoir, aller, faire | 关键不规则动词:être, avoir, aller, faire
These four verbs are the engine of everyday French. They don’t follow the regular formulas, so learn them by heart. They are used for describing yourself, possessing things, going places and doing activities.
这四个动词是日常法语的发动机。它们不遵循规则公式,因此要背下来。它们用于描述自己、拥有事物、去某处以及做活动。
| Subject | être (to be) | avoir (to have) | aller (to go) | faire (to do/make) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| je | je suis | j’ai | je vais | je fais |
| tu | tu es | tu as | tu vas | tu fais |
| il/elle | il/elle est | il/elle a | il/elle va | il/elle fait |
| nous | nous sommes | nous avons | nous allons | nous faisons |
| vous | vous êtes | vous avez | vous allez | vous faites |
| ils/elles | ils/elles sont | ils/elles ont | ils/elles vont | ils/elles font |
Notice the contractions: j’ai instead of je ai, and je suis has no apostrophe. These four verbs appear again and again in set phrases, so memorise them now.
注意缩合:是 j’ai 而不是 je ai;je suis 没有省音撇。这四组动词会在固定表达中反复出现,所以现在就背下来。
5. Articles and Nouns | 冠词与名词
Every French noun needs an article in front, like a label marking its gender and number. The formula is very regular: the definite article means “the”, the indefinite article means “a/an/some”.
每个法语名词前面都需要一个冠词,就像标明性和数的标签。公式很有规律:定冠词表示“这个/这些”,不定冠词表示“一个/一些”。
Definite: le (m.sg), la (f.sg), l’ (before vowel), les (pl.)
Indefinite: un (m.sg), une (f.sg), des (pl.)
Examples: le garçon (the boy), la fille (the girl), l’école (the school), les amis (the friends). For “a” or “some”: un garçon (a boy), une fille (a girl), des chiens (some dogs). Whenever you learn a noun, learn its gender at the same time.
例子:le garçon(那个男孩),la fille(那个女孩),l’école(学校),les amis(朋友们)。表示“一个”或“一些”:un garçon(一个男孩),une fille(一个女孩),des chiens(一些狗)。每学一个名词,要同时记住它的性。
6. Adjective Agreement | 形容词一致性
Adjectives in French must match the noun they describe in both gender and number. This is often called the “agreement formula”. Most adjectives add -e for feminine, -s for plural, and -es for feminine plural.
法语形容词必须与它们所修饰的名词在性和数上保持一致。这通常被称为“一致性公式”。大多数形容词阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。
Masc sg: grand, Fem sg: grande, Masc pl: grands, Fem pl: grandes
Some adjectives have special forms: beau/belle, nouveau/nouvelle, vieux/vieille. They usually go after the noun (un livre intéressant) except a small group of common adjectives that go before: grand, petit, bon, mauvais, beau, joli, jeune, vieux, nouveau.
有些形容词有特殊形式:beau/belle, nouveau/nouvelle, vieux/vieille。形容词通常放在名词后(un livre intéressant),但有一小部分常用形容词需要前置:grand, petit, bon, mauvais, beau, joli, jeune, vieux, nouveau。
- une grande maison – a big house (一栋大房子)
- un petit chien – a small dog (一只小狗)
- des robes vertes – green dresses (一些绿裙子)
7. Asking Questions | 提问方式
Year 7 French introduces three simple formulas for asking questions. The most straightforward and widely used is the Est-ce que structure, which turns any statement into a question without changing word order.
Year 7 法语介绍了三种简单的提问公式。最直接、使用最广泛的是 Est-ce que 结构,它能将任何陈述句变成疑问句,而不改变语序。
Est-ce que + subject + verb (+ rest)?
You can also simply raise your voice at the end of a normal sentence to ask a question in informal spoken French. A third way, inversion, swaps the subject and verb, but Est-ce que is the safest pattern to master first.
你也可以在非正式口语中,通过句尾语调上扬把普通句子变成问句。第三种方法是倒装,即调换主语和动词的位置,但优先掌握 Est-ce que 模式最为稳妥。
- Tu parles français. → Est-ce que tu parles français? (Do you speak French? / 你说法语吗?)
- Il a un stylo. → Est-ce qu’il a un stylo? (Does he have a pen? / 他有一支笔吗?)
8. Negation | 否定式
To make a sentence negative in French, place ne … pas around the conjugated verb. Think of it as a sandwich: the verb is the filling. If the verb starts with a vowel or a silent h, use n’ instead of ne.
把句子变成否定式,需将 ne … pas 放在变位动词的两边,就像三明治一样:动词是夹心。如果动词以元音或哑音 h 开头,就用 n’ 代替 ne。
Subject + ne/n’ + verb + pas + …
- Je parle. → Je ne parle pas. (I do not speak. / 我不说话。)
- Il aime le foot. → Il n’aime pas le foot. (He does not like football. / 他不喜欢足球。)
- Nous sommes prêts. → Nous ne sommes pas prêts. (We are not ready. / 我们没准备好。)
9. Basic Sentence Formulas for Speaking | 开口说的基本句型公式
These are the must-know sentence formulas for introducing yourself and expressing likes and dislikes. They are built with the verbs and rules you have already seen.
这些是必须掌握的句型公式,用于自我介绍和表达好恶。它们都是基于你已经见过的动词和规则。
- Je m’appelle … (My name is … / 我叫……)
- J’ai … ans. (I am … years old. / 我……岁了。)
- J’habite à … (I live in … / 我住在……)
- J’aime + le/la/l’/les + noun (I like … / 我喜欢……)
- J’aime + infinitive (I like doing … / 我喜欢做……)
- Je n’aime pas + le/la/l’/les + noun (I don’t like … / 我不喜欢……)
- Je n’aime pas + infinitive (I don’t like doing … / 我不喜欢做……)
Examples: J’aime le chocolat. (I like chocolate.) J’aime danser. (I like dancing.) Je n’aime pas la pluie. (I don’t like rain.) Use these formulas as templates and swap in your own words.
示例:J’aime le chocolat. (我喜欢巧克力。)J’aime danser. (我喜欢跳舞。)Je n’aime pas la pluie. (我不喜欢下雨。)把这些公式当模板,替换成你自己的词语即可。
10. Numbers 1–100 Quick Reference | 数字 1–100 速查
Numbers are essential for giving your age, saying the date and telling the time. Learn the building blocks, then assemble the higher numbers using the formulas.
数字对于说年龄、日期和时间至关重要。学习这些基本构件,然后用公式组合出更大的数字。
1–20: un, deux, trois, quatre, cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix, onze, douze, treize, quatorze, quinze, seize, dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf, vingt
Tens: 30 trente, 40 quarante, 50 cinquante, 60 soixante, 70 soixante-dix, 80 quatre-vingts, 90 quatre-vingt-dix, 100 cent. To form numbers like 21, 31, 41, add et un (vingt et un, trente et un). For others, join the ten and the unit with a hyphen (vingt-deux, quarante-cinq). The 70s and 90s use soixante (60) and quatre-vingt (80) plus the teen numbers.
整十数字:30 trente, 40 quarante, 50 cinquante, 60 soixante, 70 soixante-dix, 80 quatre-vingts, 90 quatre-vingt-dix, 100 cent。构成 21, 31, 41 这类数字时,加 et un(vingt et un, trente et un)。其他情况用连字符连接十位和个位(vingt-deux, quarante-cinq)。70 和 90 系列的用法中,是用 soixante(60)和 quatre-vingt(80)加上十几的数字。
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