Year 7 AQA Geography: Core Knowledge Summary | 7年级 AQA 地理：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 7 AQA Geography: Core Knowledge Summary | 7年级 AQA 地理：核心知识点梳理

This article provides a comprehensive summary of the essential topics covered in Year 7 AQA Geography. It is designed to help students build a solid foundation in both physical and human geography, from map skills to sustainability. Each section presents key ideas in clear English explanations followed by matching Chinese versions to support bilingual learning.

本文全面梳理了7年级 AQA 地理课程的核心知识点，旨在帮助学生在地图技能、自然地理和人文地理等方面打下坚实的基础。每个小节都先用英文清晰讲解要点，再配上对应的中文解释，帮助双语学习者更好地理解和复习。

1. Map Skills | 地图技能

Maps are essential tools in geography. A good map reader must understand compass directions, scale, grid references and symbols. The four cardinal points are north, south, east and west, while four‑figure and six‑figure grid references allow us to pinpoint exact locations on Ordnance Survey maps. Scale can be shown as a statement, a ratio or a linear bar, telling us how much the real world has been reduced.

地图是地理学中必不可少的工具。熟练阅读地图需要掌握罗盘方向、比例尺、网格坐标和图例符号。四个基本方向是北、南、东、西，而四位数字和六位数字网格坐标能让我们在陆地测量局地图上精确定位。比例尺可以用文字说明、比例尺比率或线段比例尺表示，告诉我们实际世界被缩小了多少。

Height is shown by contour lines, spot heights and layer colouring. Contours join points of equal height; the closer the contours, the steeper the slope. Symbols are simple drawings that stand for real‑world features such as churches, railways or forests. Always check the map key.

高度通过等高线、独立高程点和分层设色来表示。等高线连接高度相等的点；等高线越密集，坡度越陡。图例中的符号是代表现实世界中教堂、铁路或森林等地物的简单图形。使用地图时一定要先查阅图例。

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2. The Earth’s Structure | 地球的结构

The Earth is made up of four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. The inner core is solid iron and nickel, with temperatures up to 5500 °C. The outer core is liquid and creates Earth’s magnetic field. The mantle is semi‑solid rock that moves very slowly, and the crust is the thin, cool outer layer we live on. Oceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust.

地球主要由四层构成：内核、外核、地幔和地壳。内核是固态的铁镍合金，温度高达5500 °C。外核呈液态，能产生地球磁场。地幔是由缓慢流动的半固态岩石组成，地壳则是我们居住的薄而冷的表层。洋壳比陆壳更薄且更致密。

Heat from the core drives convection currents in the mantle, which are the engine behind plate movement. Understanding this structure helps explain why earthquakes and volcanoes happen along plate boundaries.

地核的热量驱动地幔中的对流，这是板块运动的引擎。理解地球的构造有助于解释为什么地震和火山多发生在板块边界。

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3. Plate Tectonics and Hazards | 板块构造与自然灾害

The Earth’s crust is broken into tectonic plates that float on the mantle. Plates move a few centimetres each year. Where they meet, there are three main boundary types: constructive (plates move apart), destructive (oceanic plate sinks under continental plate) and conservative (plates slide past each other). Each boundary produces different landforms and hazards.

地壳分裂为多个浮在地幔上的构造板块，每年移动几厘米。板块交界处主要有三种类型：建设性边界（板块分离）、破坏性边界（大洋板块俯冲到大陆板块之下）和保守性边界（板块相互滑动）。不同边界形成不同的地貌与灾害。

Earthquakes occur when pressure builds up and is suddenly released along faults. Volcanoes form at constructive and destructive boundaries where magma reaches the surface. We measure earthquake strength using the Richter scale or the Moment Magnitude scale, and we monitor volcanoes for signs of eruption, such as gas emissions and ground swelling.

当地壳断层处积累的压力突然释放时，就会发生地震。火山形成于建设性和破坏性边界，岩浆从地表喷出。我们用里氏震级或矩震级衡量地震强度，并通过监测气体释放和地面隆起等迹象来预测火山喷发。

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4. Rocks and the Rock Cycle | 岩石与岩石循环

There are three main rock types: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks, such as granite and basalt, form when magma or lava cools. Sedimentary rocks, like sandstone and limestone, are made from compressed layers of sediment, often containing fossils. Metamorphic rocks, such as marble and slate, form when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure.

岩石主要分为三大类：火成岩、沉积岩和变质岩。火成岩（如花岗岩和玄武岩）由岩浆或熔岩冷却形成。沉积岩（如砂岩和石灰岩）由沉积物层经过压实作用形成，常含有化石。变质岩（如大理石和板岩）是原有岩石在高温高压下变质形成的。

The rock cycle shows how rocks change from one type to another over millions of years. For example, igneous rocks can be weathered into sediment, buried and turned into sedimentary rock, then heated and squeezed into metamorphic rock, and eventually melted back into magma. Weathering and erosion play key roles in breaking down rocks.

岩石循环展示了岩石在数百万年间如何相互转化。例如，火成岩可被风化成沉积物，埋藏后变成沉积岩，再经热力和压力作用变成变质岩，最终熔融回岩浆。风化和侵蚀在岩石破碎过程中起着关键作用。

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5. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候

Weather describes the day‑to‑day condition of the atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, wind and cloud cover. Climate is the average weather of a place over 30 years. The UK has a temperate maritime climate with mild, wet winters and cool summers. Climate zones around the world include tropical, dry, temperate, continental and polar.

天气是指大气每天的冷暖、降水、风力和云量等状况。气候则是一个地方30年的平均天气。英国属于温带海洋性气候，冬季温和湿润，夏季凉爽。全球气候带主要有热带、干旱、温带、大陆性和极地气候。

Rainfall can be relief rainfall (air forced to rise over hills), convectional rainfall (heated ground warms air, which rises and cools) or frontal rainfall (warm air meets cold air and rises). Weather instruments include thermometers, barometers, anemometers and rain gauges. We often present climate data in climate graphs combining temperature and rainfall.

降水的类型有地形雨（空气被迫抬升过山）、对流雨（地面受热，空气上升冷却）和锋面雨（暖空气遇冷空气被迫抬升）。气象仪器包括温度计、气压计、风速计和雨量计。我们常用气候图表同时展示气温和降水数据。

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6. Rivers and the Water Cycle | 河流与水循环

The water cycle describes how water moves between the sea, air and land. Key processes are evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration and surface run‑off. Most of Earth’s fresh water is stored in ice caps and glaciers, while rivers and lakes hold a much smaller amount.

水循环描述了水在海洋、大气和陆地之间的运动过程。主要环节包括蒸发、凝结、降水、下渗和地表径流。地球上的淡水大部分储存在冰盖和冰川中，河流与湖泊只储存了少量淡水。

A river’s journey from source to mouth can be divided into three courses. The upper course has steep slopes, V‑shaped valleys and features like waterfalls and gorges. The middle course sees meanders and wider valleys. The lower course has floodplains, ox‑bow lakes and deltas. Erosion, transportation and deposition shape these landforms. The four types of river erosion are hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution.

河流从源头到入海口的流程可分为上游、中游和下游。上游坡度陡，河谷呈V形，常见瀑布和峡谷等地貌。中游出现曲流和较宽的河谷。下游拥有泛滥平原、牛轭湖和三角洲。侵蚀、搬运和沉积作用塑造了这些地貌。河流侵蚀的四种类型为水力作用、磨蚀、磨耗和溶蚀。

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7. Population and Migration | 人口与迁移

Population distribution is uneven across the world. Densely populated areas, such as South Asia and Western Europe, often have fertile soils, good water supply and job opportunities. Sparsely populated regions, like the Sahara Desert or Siberia, may have extreme climates or poor access. Population density is calculated as the number of people per square kilometre.

世界人口分布不均。南亚和西欧等人口稠密地区通常拥有肥沃的土壤、充足的水源和就业机会。撒哈拉沙漠或西伯利亚等人口稀少地区则可能有极端气候或交通不便。人口密度以每平方千米的人数来计算。

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Push factors, such as war, unemployment or natural disasters, drive people away; pull factors, like better jobs, safety and good schools, attract them. Migration can be internal (within a country) or international, and it brings both benefits and challenges to host and origin countries.

迁移是指人们从一个地方移居到另一个地方。推力因素（如战争、失业或自然灾害）促使人们离开；拉力因素（如更好的工作、安全和优质学校）吸引人们前来。迁移可以是国内迁移或国际迁移，对输入国和输出国都带来机遇与挑战。

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8. Settlements and Urbanisation | 聚落与城市化

A settlement is a place where people live. Settlements can be arranged in a hierarchy according to their size and services. A hamlet offers very few services, while a village has basic ones like a post office. Towns and cities have more specialised services, such as hospitals and shopping centres. The site of a settlement is its actual ground location, and the situation describes its relationship to surroundings.

聚落是人们居住的地方。按照规模和服务功能，聚落可形成等级体系。小村庄服务极少，而村落拥有邮局等基本服务。城镇和城市则提供医院和购物中心等更专业的服务。聚落的立地指其具体用地位置，位置则指它与周边环境的关系。

Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. It happens mainly because of rural‑to‑urban migration and natural increase. In richer countries, urbanisation occurred earlier; in poorer countries it is happening rapidly today. The land use in cities often follows patterns, such as the Central Business District (CBD), inner city, suburbs and rural‑urban fringe.

城市化是指居住在城市的人口比例不断上升的过程，主要源于乡城迁移和自然增长。较富裕的国家城市化开始得较早，而较贫穷的国家目前正在经历快速城市化。城市土地利用通常呈现一定的模式，如中心商务区、内城、郊区和城乡结合部。

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9. Economic Activities | 经济活动

Economic activities are grouped into four sectors. Primary sector involves extracting raw materials – farming, mining, fishing and forestry. Secondary sector turns raw materials into products through manufacturing and construction. Tertiary sector provides services, such as retail, education and healthcare. Quaternary sector is about knowledge‑based work, including research and IT.

经济活动可分为四个产业部门。第一产业涉及原材料开采，包括农业、采矿、捕鱼和林业。第二产业通过制造和建筑将原材料转化为产品。第三产业提供零售、教育和医疗等服务。第四产业则专注于研究及信息技术等知识型工作。

The employment structure of a country changes as it develops. In low‑income countries, most people work in the primary sector. As a country industrialises, secondary employment grows, and later the service sector dominates. Factors like raw materials, labour, transport and market influence where factories locate.

一个国家的就业结构随着发展而改变。在低收入国家，大多数人从事第一产业。随着工业化推进，第二产业就业上升，之后服务业占据主导。原材料、劳动力、交通和市场等因素影响着工厂的选址。

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10. Ecosystems and Biomes | 生态系统与生物群系

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals, microbes) interacting with the non‑living environment (soil, climate, water). Biomes are large‑scale ecosystems with similar climate and vegetation, such as tropical rainforests, deserts, tundra and temperate deciduous forests. The tropical rainforest biome has high temperatures and rainfall all year, supporting enormous biodiversity but fragile soils.

生态系统是生物（植物、动物、微生物）与其非生物环境（土壤、气候、水）相互作用形成的群落。生物群系是指具有相似气候和植被的大尺度生态系统，如热带雨林、荒漠、苔原和温带落叶林。热带雨林生物群系全年高温多雨，支持着极高的生物多样性，但土壤肥力脆弱。

Food chains and food webs show feeding relationships. Producers (plants) capture energy from the sun; consumers eat plants or other animals. Decomposers break down dead matter, returning nutrients to the soil. Humans rely on ecosystems for services, such as clean water, pollination and climate regulation. Deforestation and pollution damage these services.

食物链和食物网展示了生物间的取食关系。生产者（植物）捕捉太阳能；消费者以植物或其他动物为食。分解者分解死去的有机物，将养分归还土壤。人类依赖生态系统提供的清洁水、授粉和气候调节等服务。毁林和污染正在破坏这些服务功能。

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11. Sustainability and Resources | 可持续性与资源

Sustainability means meeting our needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Resources can be non‑renewable (fossil fuels, minerals) or renewable (solar, wind, water). Using resources sustainably involves reducing consumption, reusing materials and recycling waste.

可持续性是指在满足当代人需求的同时不损害后代满足自身需求的能力。资源可分为非可再生资源（化石燃料、矿产）和可再生资源（太阳能、风能、水能）。可持续利用资源包括减少消耗、重复使用物品和回收废物。

Energy is a key resource. Burning coal, oil and gas releases CO₂ and causes global warming. Renewable energy alternatives, such as offshore wind farms and solar panels, produce much lower emissions. Small changes, such as turning off lights or walking to school, can reduce our ecological footprint.

能源是关键的资源。燃烧煤炭、石油和天然气会释放二氧化碳并导致全球变暖。海上风电场和太阳能板等可再生能源替代方案排放量低得多。关灯或步行上学等小小的改变也能减少我们的生态足迹。

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12. Fieldwork Skills | 实地考察技能

Geographical fieldwork allows us to collect first‑hand data. Common techniques include land‑use surveys, traffic counts, questionnaires and environmental quality assessments. We start with an enquiry question, make predictions, collect data using sampling methods (random, systematic or stratified), then present results with graphs, maps and labelled photographs.

地理实地考察让我们能够收集第一手数据。常用的方法包括土地利用调查、交通流量统计、问卷调查和环境质量评估。我们首先提出探究问题，做出预测，采用抽样方法（随机、系统或分层）收集数据，然后用图表、地图和标注照片展示结果。

After analysing data, we draw conclusions about whether the evidence supports our hypothesis. Evaluating the investigation includes discussing limitations, such as sample size or weather conditions, and suggesting improvements. These skills are assessed in examinations, so practice describing, explaining and evaluating fieldwork thoroughly.

分析数据之后，我们得出结论，判断证据是否支持假设。评估调查过程包括讨论样本大小或天气条件等局限性，并提出改进建议。考试中会考查这些技能，因此要彻底练习描述、解释和评价实地考察。

Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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