📚 Year 7 AQA Physics Key Terms Memory Guide | AQA七年级物理关键术语速记指南
Mastering the core vocabulary of physics is like learning the rules of a new game – once you know them, everything starts to make sense. This guide breaks down the most important Year 7 AQA terms into bite-sized definitions, clear examples and clever memory tricks. Use these hacks to lock the words into your long-term memory and boost your confidence in class, homework and assessments.
掌握物理的核心词汇就像学习一款新游戏的规则——一旦你懂了，一切都会豁然开朗。本指南将七年级 AQA 最重要的术语拆解成小块定义、清晰的例子和巧妙的记忆技巧。运用这些窍门把词语锁进长期记忆，在课堂、作业和测评中更加自信。
1. Forces: Push, Pull & Types | 力：推、拉及其类型
Force: A force is a push or a pull that can change an object’s speed, direction or shape. Forces are measured in newtons (N).
力：力是一种推或拉，能改变物体的速度、方向或形状。力的单位是牛顿（N）。
Contact forces require touching (e.g. friction, tension, air resistance). Imagine a hand pushing a trolley – the force is applied through direct contact.
接触力需要接触（如摩擦力、拉力、空气阻力）。想象一只手推着购物车——力通过直接接触施加。
Non-contact forces act at a distance. Gravity pulls an apple down without touching it; magnetism pulls paperclips; static electricity makes hair stand up. Memory hack: remember G-M-S – Gravity, Magnetism, Static electricity – they don’t need to touch.
非接触力隔一定距离作用。引力不接触就把苹果往下拉；磁力吸起回形针；静电让头发竖起来。记忆技巧：记住 G-M-S——引力、磁力、静电——它们不需要接触。
Friction is a contact force that opposes motion. It can be useful (e.g. gripping shoes) or a nuisance (e.g. engine wear). Think: ‘friction fights motion’.
摩擦力是一种阻碍运动的接触力。它可能有用（如鞋子防滑），也可能讨厌（如发动机磨损）。想想：“摩擦力对抗运动”。
2. Mass, Weight and Gravity | 质量、重量与重力
Mass is how much ‘stuff’ an object contains. It stays the same everywhere in the universe and is measured in kilograms (kg). Mass is measured with a balance.
质量表示物体含有多少“东西”。它在宇宙中任何地方都保持不变，单位为千克（kg）。质量用天平测量。
Weight is the force of gravity pulling on a mass. It depends on the gravitational field strength and is measured in newtons (N). Weight is measured with a spring scale (newton meter).
重量是重力对物体的拉力。它取决于引力场强度，单位为牛顿（N）。重量用弹簧秤（牛顿计）测量。
Memory hack: ‘Mass is what you ARE, weight is what you FEEL.’ Mass never changes, but your weight would be less on the Moon because gravity is weaker there. On Earth, gravitational field strength g ≈ 10 N/kg.
记忆技巧：“质量是你的本身，重量是你的感觉。”质量从不改变，但你在月球上的重量会变小，因为那里引力较弱。在地球上，引力场强度 g ≈ 10 N/kg。
weight = mass × gravitational field strength
W = m × g
Example: A 5 kg brick on Earth weighs 5 × 10 = 50 N.
例子：一块 5 kg 的砖在地球上重 5 × 10 = 50 N。
3. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离与时间
Speed tells us how fast something moves. It is the distance travelled in a certain time. Common units are metres per second (m/s), kilometres per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mph).
速度告诉我们物体运动有多快。它是一定时间内走过的距离。常用单位有米每秒（m/s）、千米每小时（km/h）或英里每小时（mph）。
speed = distance ÷ time
v = d ÷ t
Memory hack: Picture a speed sign on a road: the number tells you how many kilometres you cover in one hour. To rearrange the formula, use the ‘S-D-T triangle’ – cover the one you want to find.
记忆技巧：想象路边的限速牌：数字告诉你在一个小时内能跑多少公里。重新排列公式时，用“速-距-时三角形”——遮住你想求的那个量。
Distance–time graphs: A horizontal line means the object is stationary (speed = 0); a steeper straight line means higher constant speed; a curve means acceleration or deceleration.
距离–时间图：水平线表示物体静止（速度 = 0）；越陡的直线表示恒速越快；曲线表示加速或减速。
4. Energy Stores and Pathways | 能量储存与转移路径
Energy is the ability to do work. It is measured in joules (J). Energy can be stored in eight different ways in the AQA model: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal (internal), chemical, nuclear, magnetic and electrostatic.
能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳（J）。在 AQA 模型中，能量可以以八种方式储存：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热（内）能、化学能、核能、磁能和静电能量。
Kinetic energy: the energy of a moving object. The faster and heavier it is, the more kinetic energy it has. Gravitational potential energy: the energy an object has because of its position above the ground.
动能：运动物体的能量。质量越大、速度越快，动能越大。重力势能：物体因离地高度而具有的能量。
Energy transfer pathways: forces doing work, heating, electric current, light and sound. Remember ‘energy is never destroyed, only transferred or stored’. The total energy in a closed system stays constant (conservation of energy).
能量转移路径：力做功、加热、电流、光和声音。记住“能量不会被消灭，只能被转移或储存”。封闭系统中总能量不变（能量守恒）。
Memory hack: Think of energy as money – it can be moved between different bank accounts (stores) and transferred by spending (pathways), but the total stays the same.
记忆技巧：把能量想象成钱——它可以在不同账户（能量储存）间转移，也可以通过消费（转移路径）流动，但总额不变。
5. Work Done and Power | 做功与功率
Work done is the energy transferred when a force moves an object. If you push a box across the floor, you are doing work. Work is measured in joules (J).
做功是力使物体移动时所转移的能量。如果你将一个箱子推过地板，你就在做功。功的单位是焦耳（J）。
work done = force × distance
W = F × d
Power is the rate of doing work – how quickly energy is transferred. Power is measured in watts (W). One watt means one joule per second.
功率是做功的速率——能量转移有多快。功率的单位是瓦特（W）。1 瓦表示每秒转移 1 焦耳。
power = work done ÷ time
P = E ÷ t
Memory hack: A more powerful light bulb transfers more electrical energy into light each second, so it shines brighter. Think of ‘powerful’ as ‘fast at giving energy’.
记忆技巧：一个功率更大的灯泡每秒将更多电能转化为光能，所以更亮。把“功率大”想成“给能量速度更快”。
6. Electric Current and Charge | 电流与电荷
Electric current is the flow of electric charge around a circuit. It is measured in amperes, or amps (A). Charge is carried by tiny particles called electrons.
电流是电荷在电路中的流动，单位为安培（A）。电荷由微小的粒子——电子携带。
Memory hack: the water-pipe model. Current is like the amount of water flowing through a pipe per second. The water molecules represent electrons moving. A switch is like a valve that stops the flow.
记忆技巧：水管模型。电流就像每秒流过水管的水量。水分子代表移动的电子。开关就像阻止水流的水阀。
For current to flow, you need a complete circuit with a source of energy (cell or battery) and conductors. Metals are good conductors; plastics are insulators that stop current.
要让电流动，你需要一个包含能量源（电池）和导体的完整电路。金属是良导体；塑料是绝缘体，阻止电流通过。
Series circuit: all components are connected in a single loop. If one bulb breaks, the others go out because the circuit is no longer complete.
串联电路：所有元件连在单一回路中。如果一个灯泡坏了，其他灯泡也会熄灭，因为电路不再完整。
7. Voltage and Resistance | 电压与电阻
Voltage (potential difference) is the ‘push’ that drives current around a circuit. It tells us how much energy each coulomb of charge receives from the battery. Voltage is measured in volts (V).
电压（电势差）是推动电流在电路中流动的“推力”。它告诉我们每库仑电荷从电池中获得多少能量。电压单位为伏特（V）。
Resistance is a measure of how hard it is for current to flow. Components resist the flow, turning electrical energy into heat. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻衡量电流流动的难易程度。元件阻碍电流，将电能转化为热量。电阻的单位是欧姆（Ω）。
Memory hack – the hill and the crowd: Voltage is like a steep hill that gives a ball energy to roll. Resistance is like a crowded corridor that slows the ball down. Long, thin wires have more resistance than short, thick wires.
记忆技巧——山坡与人群：电压像一道陡坡，给球滚动提供能量。电阻像拥挤的走廊，让球慢下来。长而细的导线比短粗的导线电阻更大。
In Year 7 you may not do calculations, but understanding that adding more bulbs in series increases resistance and reduces current is a key concept.
七年级可能不进行计算，但要知道在串联中接入更多灯泡会增加电阻、减小电流，这是一个关键概念。
8. Waves: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength | 波：振幅、频率、波长
Wave – a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without moving matter. Light and sound travel as waves.
波——一种将能量从一处传递到另一处而不转移物质的扰动。光和声音以波的形式传播。
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position. In a sound wave, a larger amplitude means a louder sound; in a light wave, it means brighter light.
振幅是波偏离平衡位置的最大位移。在声波中，振幅越大，声音越响；在光波中，振幅越大，光越亮。
Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two matching points on a wave, such as crest to crest. It is measured in metres.
波长（λ）是波上两个对应点之间的距离，如波峰到波峰，单位为米。
Frequency (f) is the number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). A frequency of 50 Hz means 50 waves per second.
频率（f）是每秒通过某点的完整波的个数，单位为赫兹（Hz）。频率 50 Hz 表示每秒有 50 个波通过。
Memory hack: Picture a slinky spring being wiggled. Big wiggles give high amplitude; fast wiggles give high frequency. ‘Frequency’ sounds like ‘frequent’ – how often the wiggle happens.
记忆技巧：想象一根在抖动的弹簧玩具。大幅抖动产生高振幅；快速抖动产生高频率。“Frequency（频率）”听起来像“frequent（频繁）”——抖得多频繁。
9. Sound Waves and Hearing | 声波与听觉
Sound is produced by vibrating objects and needs a medium (solid, liquid or gas) to travel. It cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to vibrate.
声音由振动物体产生，需要介质（固体、液体或气体）才能传播。它无法在真空中传播，因为没有粒子可以振动。
Human hearing range: roughly 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz (20 kHz). Frequencies above this are called ultrasound; below this are called infrasound. Dogs can hear ultrasound.
人类听觉范围：大约在 20 Hz 到 20 000 Hz（20 kHz）之间。高于此范围的称为超声波，低于此范围的称为次声波。狗能听见超声波。
Echoes are reflected sound waves. The time between sending a sound and hearing its echo can be used to measure distances (e.g. in sonar).
回声是反射回来的声波。发出声音和听到回声之间的时间差可用来测量距离（例如声呐）。
Memory hack: ‘Sound needs a partner’ – it cannot go solo; it always needs a medium. The louder the sound, the bigger the vibration amplitude. The higher the pitch, the higher the frequency.
记忆技巧：“声音需要伙伴”——它不能单独行动，总需要介质。声音越响，振动振幅越大；音调越高，频率越高。
10. Light: Reflection and Refraction | 光：反射与折射
Light travels in straight lines at a speed of about 300 000 km/s in a vacuum. We see objects because light reflects off them into our eyes.
光沿直线传播，在真空中速度约为 300 000 km/s。我们看见物体是因为光从物体反射到我们眼睛里。
Law of reflection: The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, measured from the normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface). Memory hack: ‘i = r’.
反射定律：入射角等于反射角，均从法线（垂直于表面的假想线）量起。记忆技巧：“i = r”。
Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another (e.g. air to water) because its speed changes. A straw in a glass of water looks bent because of refraction.
折射是光从一种透明介质进入另一种介质（如空气到水）时，因速度改变而发生的弯曲。水杯中的吸管看起来弯折了，就是折射引起的。
Dispersion: White light can be split into the colours of the rainbow (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) by a prism. Memory phrase: ‘Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain’ helps order the colours by wavelength.
色散：白光可以被棱镜分解成彩虹的颜色（红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫）。记忆句子：‘Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain’ 可帮助按波长排序。
11. Particle Model and Density | 粒子模型与密度
Particle model: All matter is made of tiny particles. The arrangement and movement of these particles explain the three states – solid, liquid and gas.
粒子模型：所有物质都由微小粒子构成。粒子的排列方式和运动状态解释了三种状态——固体、液体和气体。
Solids: particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern, vibrating in fixed positions. Liquids: particles are close together but can slide past each other. Gases: particles are far apart and move quickly in all directions.
固体：粒子紧密排列成规则形状，在固定位置振动。液体：粒子紧挨着，但能相互滑动。气体：粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动。
Density (ρ) is how much mass is packed into a given volume. Dense materials feel heavy for their size. Density is measured in kg/m³ or g/cm³. Water has a density of 1 g/cm³.
密度（ρ）表示单位体积内包含的质量。密度大的材料在同样大小下更重。密度单位是 kg/m³ 或 g/cm³。水的密度为 1 g/cm³。
density = mass ÷ volume
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