📚 Year 7 AQA Sociology: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | AQA七年级社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential sociology vocabulary guide for Year 7 AQA. This resource breaks down every key term with simple definitions, real-world examples, and clever memory tricks to help you learn faster. Whether you are preparing for a quiz, an end-of-topic test, or simply want to sound confident in class, these matched English–Chinese explanations will build your knowledge step by step.
欢迎来到 AQA 七年级社会学核心词汇指南。这份材料用简单的定义、现实案例和巧妙的记忆技巧拆解每一个关键术语，帮你学得更快。无论你是在准备小测验、单元考试，还是想在课上自信地表达，这些中英配对的解释会一步步搭建你的知识。
1. Understanding Sociology and Society | 理解社会学与社会
Sociology is the systematic study of how people live together in groups – from families and schools to entire nations. Sociologists investigate patterns of behaviour, shared beliefs, and the way societies change over time. Think of it as a ‘zoom lens’ that helps you see the hidden rules shaping everyday life.
社会学是对人类如何以群体方式共同生活的系统研究——从家庭、学校到整个国家。社会学家探究行为模式、共同信念以及社会随时间变化的方式。可以把它想象成一个“变焦镜头”，帮助你看清塑造日常生活的隐藏规则。
Memory trick: break the word into ‘socio-‘ (companion or society) plus ‘-logy’ (study of). So sociology = the study of companionship and social life. Just like biology is the study of living things, sociology is the study of social things.
记忆技巧：把单词拆成 “socio-”（同伴或社会）加上 “-logy”（学科）。所以社会学就是研究同伴关系和社会生活的学科。就像生物学是研究生物一样，社会学是研究社会现象的。
The term ‘society’ refers to a large group of people who share the same geographical territory, interact with one another, and share a common culture. For example, the society you live in includes all the people in your country, shaped by shared laws, language, and traditions.
“社会”一词指的是共享同一地理区域、相互交往并拥有共同文化的一大群人。例如，你所处的社会包括你所在国家的所有人，由共同的法律、语言和传统所塑造。
Memory aid: picture society as a giant jigsaw puzzle. Each person and group is a piece. Sociology helps you see the whole picture, not just the single piece in front of you.
记忆辅助：把社会想象成一幅巨大的拼图。每个人和每个群体都是一块拼片。社会学会帮助你看到全貌，而不只是眼前这一片。
2. Norms and Values: The Social Glue | 规范与价值观：社会粘合剂
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that members of a society are expected to follow. They guide everyday actions, like queuing politely, saying ‘thank you’, or wearing clothes in public. Norms vary across cultures: what is normal in one society might seem odd in another.
规范是社会成员应遵循的不成文行为准则。它们指导日常行为，比如礼貌排队、说“谢谢”、或在公共场合穿衣。规范因文化而异：在某一个社会正常的做法，在另一个社会可能显得奇怪。
Quick memory tip: think ‘normal = norms’. Norms are simply what people in a particular group consider to be normal behaviour.
快速记忆提示：想到“正常的 = 规范”。规范就是特定群体中人们认为正常的行为。
Values are deeper beliefs about what is good, right, and desirable. They underpin norms. For instance, if a society values honesty, the norm of not lying becomes important. Values often include ideas like freedom, equality, respect, and hard work.
价值观是关于什么是好的、对的、值得追求的深层信念。它们是规范的基础。例如，如果一个社会重视诚实，那么不说谎的规范就会变得重要。价值观通常包括自由、平等、尊重和勤奋等理念。
Memory chain: values → norms → everyday behaviour. Imagine an iceberg: values are the huge part under the water (hard to see), and norms are the visible tip that shows what people actually do.
记忆链：价值观 → 规范 → 日常行为。想象一座冰山：价值观是水下巨大的部分（难以看见），规范则是露出的尖端，显示人们实际的行为。
3. Culture, Identity and Belonging | 文化、身份与归属
Culture is the whole way of life of a society or group, including its language, beliefs, customs, fashion, food, music, and art. It is learned, not inherited, and it constantly evolves. Even within one country, there can be many subcultures – smaller groups with their own distinct norms and values, like a skateboarding community or a K‑pop fan group.
文化是一个社会或群体的全部生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗、时尚、食物、音乐和艺术。文化是后天习得的，不是遗传的，并且不断演变。即使在一个国家内部，也可能存在许多亚文化——拥有自己独特规范与价值观的较小群体，比如滑板社群或 K‑pop 粉丝团。
Memory trick: connect ‘culture’ to ‘cultivate’ – what a group cultivates (grows and values) over time makes up its culture.
记忆技巧：把 “culture”（文化）和 “cultivate”（培育）联系起来——一个群体随时间培育（发展并重视）的东西构成了它的文化。
Identity is your sense of who you are, shaped by personal characteristics, group memberships, and how others treat you. Social identity can be tied to gender, ethnicity, social class, religion, or even hobbies. A person can hold multiple identities at once – a daughter, a student, a musician.
身份认同是你对自己是谁的感觉，由个人特质、所属群体以及他人对待你的方式共同塑造。社会身份可能与性别、种族、社会阶级、宗教甚至爱好有关。一个人可以同时拥有多重身份——女儿、学生、音乐家。
Memory image: identity is like a mosaic made of many coloured tiles, each representing a different aspect of your life.
记忆图像：身份就像由许多彩色瓷砖拼成的马赛克，每一块代表你生活的一个不同方面。
4. Socialisation: Becoming a Member of Society | 社会化：成为社会一员
Socialisation is the lifelong process by which we learn the norms, values, language, and behaviours accepted in our society. Without it, we would not know how to interact with others or what is expected of us. Primary socialisation happens early in life, mainly within the family, where we learn basic skills, love, trust, and simple rules like saying ‘please’.
社会化是我们学习社会所接受的规范、价值观、语言和行为的终身过程。没有它，我们就不会知道如何与他人互动，也不清楚社会对我们的期待。初级社会化发生在生命早期，主要在家庭内部，我们在此学习基本技能、爱、信任以及像说“请”这样的简单规则。
Memory aid: primary socialisation = your first school of life at home. Remember ‘primary’ like primary school – it comes first.
记忆辅助：初级社会化 = 你在家中的第一所人生学校。记住 “primary” 就像小学——它是最先发生的。
Secondary socialisation begins later and takes place outside the family – at school, among peer groups, in religious settings, and through media. Here you learn more complex societal rules, such as teamwork, punctuality, and how to deal with authority figures.
次级社会化从稍后开始，发生在家庭之外——在学校里、在同龄群体中、在宗教场所，以及通过媒体。在这里你学习更复杂的社会规则，比如团队合作、守时以及如何与权威人物相处。
Model sentence to remember: ‘Primary at home, secondary when you roam.’
助记句：“在家是初级，外出漫游是次级。”（英文押韵）
5. Social Institutions: Family and Education | 社会制度：家庭与教育
A social institution is an established pattern of behaviour or organisation that meets a society’s fundamental needs. Two key institutions for young sociologists are the family and the education system. The family institution provides care, emotional support, and the first lessons in social life. Sociologists often discuss different family types: a nuclear family consists of two parents and their children, while an extended family includes other relatives such as grandparents, aunts and uncles living close by or under the same roof.
社会制度是一种稳固的行为模式或组织，用来满足社会的基本需求。对年轻的社会学者来说，两个关键制度是家庭和教育系统。家庭制度提供关爱、情感支持以及社会生活的最初课程。社会学者经常讨论不同的家庭类型：核心家庭由父母和子女组成，而扩展家庭则包括其他亲属，如祖父母、叔叔阿姨，他们住得近或者生活在一起。
Memory snapshot: draw a small house. Inside the house write ‘nuclear’ for the core unit. Add a dotted line to show ‘extended’ relatives forming a larger network.
记忆快照：画一个小房子。在房子里写下 “nuclear” 代表核心单位。添加虚线示意 “extended” 亲属，构成更大的网络。
The education institution transmits knowledge and skills, but sociologists also highlight the hidden curriculum – the informal lessons about values, attitudes, and obedience learned at school, such as standing in line, dressing in uniform, and respecting hierarchy. This prepares young people for the world of work.
教育制度传递知识和技能，但社会学者也强调隐性课程——在校学到的关于价值观、态度和服从的非正式课程，比如排队、穿校服以及尊重等级制度。这为年轻人进入职场做了准备。
Memory label: the ‘hidden curriculum’ is what you learn at school that is not in the textbooks – the unwritten rules of society.
记忆标签：“隐性课程”是你在学校学到的课本上没有的东西——社会的不成文规则。
6. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification describes the way society is divided into layers, or strata, based on factors like wealth, income, occupation, education, and social connections. In Britain, people often refer to social class – groups such as the working class, middle class, and upper class. Your class can affect your life chances, meaning the opportunities you have for a healthy, happy, and successful life.
社会分层描述了社会如何基于财富、收入、职业、教育和社会关系等因素被划分为不同的层级或阶层。在英国，人们常提到社会阶级——例如工人阶级、中产阶级和上层阶级。你的阶级会影响你的生活机会，即你拥有健康、幸福和成功人生的机遇。
Memory ladder: picture social class as a ladder with three main rungs – upper, middle, and working. Stratification simply means the rungs are unequal; some have more advantages than others.
记忆阶梯：把社会阶级想象成一架有三个主要梯级的长梯——上、中、下（工人阶级）。分层只是意味着这些梯级并不平等；有些人比其他人拥有更多的优势。
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a more precise term combining income, education, and occupational prestige. It helps sociologists measure where a person stands in the social hierarchy. A high SES often brings better housing, healthcare, and educational options.
社会经济地位（SES）是一个更精确的术语，结合了收入、教育和职业声望。它帮助社会学家衡量一个人在社会层级中的位置。高社会经济地位往往带来更好的住房、医疗和教育选择。
Key formula for memory: SES = Income + Education + Occupation. Imagine three pillars holding up your place in society.
记忆关键公式：社会经济地位 = 收入 + 教育 + 职业。想象三根柱子支撑起你在社会中的位置。
7. Roles, Status and Social Position | 角色、地位与社会位置
In sociology, a status is a recognised social position that a person holds, such as being a student, a parent, or a doctor. Status can be ascribed – given at birth and not chosen, like royal status or your sex – or achieved, which you earn through effort and choice, such as becoming a team captain or a university graduate.
在社会学中，地位是一个人持有的被认可的社会位置，例如学生、父母或医生。地位可以是先赋的——出生时就被赋予、无法选择的，比如王室地位或你的生理性别；或者自致的——通过努力和选择赢得的，比如成为队长或大学毕业生。
Memory split: Ascribed = Assigned at birth (both start with ‘A’). Achieved = you work to Achieve it (starts with ‘A’ too, but earned).
记忆分割：先赋地位（Ascribed）＝出生时分配的（ Assigned at birth），首字母都是 A 。自致地位（Achieved）＝你努力达成（Achieve）的，同样是 A 开头但靠争取。
A role is the set of expected behaviours attached to a particular status. For example, the status of ‘pupil’ carries the role of listening to the teacher, completing homework, and following school rules. When the demands of two or more roles clash, sociologists call this role conflict. A student who is also a carer at home may feel torn between exam revision and family duties.
角色是附着在特定地位上的一套被期待的行为。例如，“学生”的地位附带着听课、完成作业和遵守校规的角色。当两个或多个角色的要求冲突时，社会学家称之为角色冲突。一个同时在家里做照顾者的学生可能会在考试复习和家庭职责之间感到撕裂。
Analogy: think of status as a job title and role as the job description. The conflict happens when two job descriptions ask too much at the same time.
类比：把地位看作职位名称，把角色看作职位描述。当两份职位描述同时要求太多时，冲突就发生了。
8. Social Control: Maintaining Order | 社会控制：维持秩序
Social control refers to the methods and strategies that societies use to ensure people follow norms and rules. Without it, social order would break down. There are two main types: formal social control, imposed by official organisations such as the police, courts, and schools through laws and punishments; and informal social control, exercised by family, friends, and neighbours through approval, disapproval, or teasing.
社会控制指的是社会用来确保人们遵守规范和规则的种种方法与策略。没有它，社会秩序会崩溃。主要分为两类：正式社会控制，由警察、法院和学校等官方组织通过法律和惩罚来实施；以及非正式社会控制，由家人、朋友和邻居通过赞同、反对或取笑来施加。
Memory hooks: formal = official ‘uniform’ (police, judge robes); informal = ‘in the family’ and among friends. Both start with ‘f’ or ‘in’.
记忆挂钩：正式（formal）＝官方的“制服”（警服、法袍）；非正式（informal）＝“在家人朋友间”。
A sanction is a reward or punishment that reinforces social norms. Positive sanctions include praise, prizes or a smile; negative sanctions include being grounded, fined, or shamed. Both formal and informal controls rely on sanctions to work.
制裁是强化社会规范的奖励或惩罚。积极制裁包括表扬、奖品或微笑；消极制裁包括被禁足、罚款或羞辱。正式和非正式控制都依赖制裁来发挥作用。
Quick scale: sanctions can be as light as a frown (informal negative) or as heavy as a criminal record (formal negative). Tie the two together: control is the system; sanctions are the tools.
快速尺度：制裁可以轻如一个皱眉（非正式消极），也可以重如犯罪记录（正式消极）。将两者联系起来：控制是系统；制裁是工具。
9. Gender, Ethnicity and Social Divisions | 性别、种族与社会划分
Gender refers to the cultural and social aspects of being male or female. Unlike biological sex, gender involves roles, expectations, and identities that societies construct. For example, stereotypes might suggest that boys are naturally loud and competitive, while girls are quiet and nurturing. Sociologists explore how these ideas influence life chances and identity.
性别指作为男性或女性的文化与社会方面。与生物性别不同，性别涉及社会建构的角色、期望和身份认同。例如，刻板印象可能暗示男孩天生吵闹好胜，而女孩安静又善于照顾人。社会学家探究这些观念如何影响生活机会和身份认同。
Memory distinction: Sex = chromosomes (XX or XY), Gender = ‘genre’ or type of behaviours society scripts. Think of gender as a social script you learn.
记忆区分：生物性别（Sex）看染色体（XX或XY），社会性别（Gender）像社会的“剧本类型”（genre）。把性别看作你学习的社会剧本。
Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage, including language, religion, ancestry, and traditions. It differs from race, which categorises people by physical traits. In sociology, we study how ethnic groups experience inequality, build community, and express identity. Combined with class and gender, ethnicity helps us understand multiple layers of advantage or disadvantage – a concept called intersectionality.
种族（族裔）是一种共享的文化遗产，包括语言、宗教、祖先和传统。它不同于基于身体特征分类的“人种”。在社会学中，我们研究族裔群体如何经历不平等、构建社区以及表达身份。将种族与阶级和性别结合起来，有助于我们理解多重优势或劣势的层面——这称为交叉性。
Memory tip: Ethnicity = Ethnic culture. Break it into ‘ethn-‘ from the Greek for nation or people, and think of shared customs. Intersectionality → imagine roads crossing and your identity standing at the junction.
记忆提示：族裔（Ethnicity）可联系“族群文化”。词根 “ethn-” 源于希腊语“民族”。交叉性（Intersectionality）→ 想象多条道路交叉，你的身份站在交叉路口。
10. Revision Toolkit: Speed-Memorising Sociology Terms | 复习工具箱：社会学词汇快速记忆
Build a mind‑map anchor for each topic. Place the core concept (e.g., ‘Socialisation’) in the centre, then draw branches for primary and secondary socialisation, agents, and case studies. The visual layout helps your brain retrieve information faster than reading plain notes.
为每个主题构建思维导图锚点。将核心概念（如“社会化”）放在中心，然后画出分支表示初级社会化、次级社会化、媒介和案例研究。视觉布局比阅读普通笔记能帮助大脑更快提取信息。
Create acronyms: for agents of socialisation remember ‘FAMPS’ – Family, As opposed to peers, Mass media, Peer group, School. Or for social stratification factors: ‘WISE’ – Wealth, Income, Status, Education. Silly sentences also work: ‘Friendly Alligators Make Perfect Soup’ for the same agents.
创造首字母缩写：记忆社会化媒介可用 “FAMPS”——家庭（Family）、替代同伴（As opposed to peers，技巧而已）、大众媒体、同伴群体（Peer group）、学校（School）。或者社会分层因素：“WISE”——财富、收入、地位、教育。荒诞句子也行：“友好的鳄鱼做完美的汤”对应相同媒介。
Use dual‑coding: pair every term with a simple sketch or emoji. For instance, draw an iceberg next to ‘norms and values’, a ladder for ‘social class’, and two overlapping circles for ‘role conflict’. Review these flashcards regularly, and say the definitions out loud in both English and your home language – this reinforces bilingual memory paths.
使用双重编码：为每个术语配一幅简单草图或表情符号。例如，在“规范与价值观”旁画一座冰山，“社会阶级”旁画一架梯子，“角色冲突”旁画两个重叠的圆。定期复习这些抽认卡，并用英语和你的母语大声说出定义——这会强化双语记忆通道。
Finally, teach a friend. Explaining a sociology term in your own words – and in two languages – forces you to simplify and truly understand it. Even a five‑minute recap at the start or end of your study session makes a measurable difference.
最后，教给一个朋友。用自己的话——并用两种语言——解释一个社会学术语，会迫使你简化并真正理解它。即使在学习开始或结束时进行五分钟的回顾，也会产生明显的不同。
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