📚 Year 7 CAIE Art: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | 七年级CAIE艺术：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your quick-reference guide to the essential ‘formulas’ of art. Just as maths has equations to solve problems, art uses rules and principles to create successful compositions. This handbook covers the core visual elements and design principles that every Year 7 artist needs to know. Keep it to hand while drawing, painting, or sculpting.
欢迎来到你的艺术基本“公式”速查手册。正如数学用方程解决问题，艺术也使用规则和原理来创造成功的画面构成。这本手册涵盖了每位七年级小艺术家都需要了解的核心视觉元素和设计原则。在素描、绘画或雕塑时，不妨随时翻阅。
1. Line | 线条
A line is a mark with greater length than width. Lines can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, curved, thick, thin, dotted, or broken. They lead the viewer’s eye around a composition and can express emotions: jagged lines suggest chaos, smooth curves suggest calm. Use line to define edges, create texture, or imply movement.
线条是一种长度大于宽度的标记。线条可以是水平的、垂直的、斜的、弯曲的、粗的、细的、点状的或虚线。它们引导观众的目光在画面中移动，并能表达情感：锯齿线暗示混乱，平滑曲线暗示平静。用线条来界定边缘、创造纹理或暗示运动。
2. Shape | 形状
Shape is a closed line. Shapes are two-dimensional (flat) and can be geometric, like squares and circles, or organic, like the irregular forms found in nature. Shapes become the building blocks of an artwork. A silhouette is an example of a shape used for strong visual impact.
形状是一条封闭的线。形状是二维的（平面），可以是几何形状，如正方形和圆形；也可以是有机形状，如自然界中不规则的形态。形状是艺术品的构建块。剪影就是利用形状产生强烈视觉冲击的一个例子。
3. Form | 形体
Form is a three-dimensional shape that has height, width, and depth. Spheres, cubes, and cones are geometric forms. In drawing, we can make a shape appear to have form by adding shading to show light and shadow. Form in sculpture is real and tangible; in painting, it is an illusion.
形体是指具有高度、宽度和深度的三维形状。球体、立方体和圆锥体是几何形体。在素描中，我们可以通过添加明暗调子使形状看起来具有形体感。雕塑中的形体是真实可触的；在绘画中，形体是一种视觉错觉。
4. Space | 空间
Space is the area around, between, or within objects. Positive space is the subject itself, while negative space is the background area around it. Manipulating space can create depth through overlapping, size variation, and placement on the picture plane. A deep space feels vast; a shallow space feels confined.
空间是指物体周围、之间或内部的区域。正空间是主体本身，而负空间是它周围的背景区域。通过重叠、尺寸变化以及在画面中的位置安排，可以处理空间并营造深度感。深邃的空间感觉辽阔；浅空间则感觉受限。
5. Colour (Hue, Value, Intensity) | 色彩（色相、明度、纯度）
Colour is light reflected from surfaces. The three properties of colour are hue (the name of the colour, like red), value (how light or dark it is), and intensity (how bright or dull it is). The colour wheel organises hues: primary colours (red, yellow, blue) mix to make secondary colours (orange, green, purple). Complementary colours sit opposite each other and create strong contrast.
色彩是物体表面反射的光。颜色的三个属性为：色相（颜色的名称，如红色）、明度（颜色的深浅）、纯度（颜色的鲜艳程度）。色轮将色相组织起来：三原色（红、黄、蓝）混合得出二次色（橙、绿、紫）。互补色位于色轮上彼此相对的位置，能营造强烈的对比。
6. Texture | 肌理
Texture refers to the surface quality of an object. Actual texture is how something really feels when touched (rough, smooth, bumpy). Visual texture is the illusion of texture on a flat surface, created through mark-making. Using hatching, cross-hatching, and stippling, you can make a drawing look furry, scaly, or rocky.
肌理指物体表面的质感。实际肌理是真实的触觉感受（粗糙、光滑、凹凸不平）。视觉肌理是通过笔触在二维表面上营造的肌理错觉。运用排线、交叉排线和点画，你可以让一幅画看起来毛茸茸的、有鳞片的或岩石般的。
7. Value (Tone) | 明度（色调）
Value describes the lightness or darkness of a colour. A value scale moves from white through greys to black. Contrast in value makes objects stand out and creates dramatic lighting. Low contrast (values close together) gives a soft, quiet mood. Tint is a colour plus white; shade is a colour plus black.
明度描述颜色的深浅程度。明度色阶从白色经过灰色渐变至黑色。明度对比使物体突出，营造戏剧性的光线效果。低对比（明度接近）会产生柔和、静谧的氛围。浅色调是加入白色后的颜色；深色调是加入黑色后的颜色。
8. Balance | 平衡
Balance is the distribution of visual weight in an artwork. Symmetrical balance is when both sides of an object or composition mirror each other. Asymmetrical balance uses different elements (like a large light shape balanced by a small dark shape) to create stability without mirroring. Radial balance radiates out from a central point.
平衡指艺术作品中视觉重量的分布。对称平衡指物体或构图的两边互为镜像。非对称平衡运用不同的元素（例如用一个大而浅的形状去平衡一个小而深的形状）来达到稳定，但无需镜像。放射平衡从一个中心点向外辐射。
9. Emphasis | 强调
Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention. Usually, the artist makes one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas in size, colour, texture, or shape. The focal point is where the eye is drawn first. Without emphasis, a work can look too busy and unfocused.
强调是设计中抓住观众注意力的部分。艺术家通常会通过尺寸、色彩、肌理或形状的对比，使某个区域脱颖而出。焦点是目光最先被吸引的地方。没有强调，作品可能显得过于杂乱而没有重点。
10. Proportion | 比例
Proportion refers to the size relationship between parts of an object or between different elements in a composition. Realistic human figure drawing uses standard proportions (e.g., an adult body is about 7 to 8 heads tall). Exaggerated proportion can be used for expressive effect, like giving a character huge hands.
比例指物体各部分之间或构图中不同元素之间的尺寸关系。写实人体素描使用标准比例（例如，成人身体大约有7到8个头的高度）。夸张的比例可以用于表现性效果，例如给角色画上一双巨大的手。
11. Pattern | 图案
Pattern is the repeating of an object or symbol throughout a work of art. Patterns can be planned or random, simple or complex. Repeated lines, shapes, or colours create rhythm and unity. Patterns are found in decorative arts, textiles, and even in nature (like the spots on a leopard).
图案是在整个艺术作品中对某一物体或符号的重复。图案可以是有计划或随机出现的，可以是简单或复杂的。重复的线条、形状或色彩创造出节奏感和统一感。图案出现在装饰艺术、纺织品中，甚至在自然界中（例如豹纹）。
12. Unity and Variety | 统一与变化
Unity is the feeling that all parts of a composition belong together and form a cohesive whole. It is often achieved through repeating colours, shapes, or themes. Variety introduces differences to add interest and stop the work from becoming monotonous. Good art balances unity and variety; too much unity is dull, too much variety is chaotic.
统一感是指构图中所有部分都属于一个凝聚整体的感觉。通常通过重复色彩、形状或主题来实现。变化通过引入差异来增添趣味，防止作品变得单调。好的艺术需要在统一与变化之间取得平衡；过多的统一会乏味，过多的变化则会混乱。
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