Year 7 CAIE Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Rules | Year 7 CAIE 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 CAIE Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Rules | Year 7 CAIE 中文：公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook brings together the essential ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ of Year 7 CAIE Chinese. Just as maths uses equations to solve problems, learning Chinese becomes much easier when you treat grammar patterns, sentence structures, and pronunciation rules as repeatable formulas. Every section pairs a key rule with clear examples, helping you build accuracy and confidence step by step.

这本速查手册汇集了 Year 7 CAIE 中文的必学“公式”与“定理”。就像数学用方程解题一样，当你把语法模式、句子结构和发音规则当作可重复使用的公式时，中文学习会变得轻松许多。每个小节都将关键规则与清晰示例配对，帮助你一步步建立准确度和信心。

1. Pinyin Tones Formula | 拼音声调公式

Pinyin uses four main tones plus a neutral tone to change the meaning of a syllable. The formula for marking the tone sign is simple: always place the tone mark above the vowel that is the loudest and clearest in the final.

拼音用四个主要声调和一个轻声来区分音节的意义。标调公式很简单：始终将声调符号标在韵母中发音最响亮、最清晰的元音上方。

If there is only one vowel, the tone mark goes directly on it. In compound finals beginning with ‘a’, ‘e’ or ‘o’, the mark stays on that first vowel. For finals like ‘iu’ (from iou) and ‘ui’ (from uei), the tone mark falls on the second vowel. When ‘i’ and ‘u’ appear together, always mark the one that comes second.

如果只有一个元音，声调直接标在该元音上。在由 a、e 或 o 开头的复韵母中，声调标在第一个元音上。对于 iu（来自 iou）和 ui（来自 uei）这样的韵母，声调标在第二个元音上。当 i 和 u 同时出现时，总是标在后面的那个元音上。

bā, bái, hěn, hǎo, xiě, duì, niú

Remember that the neutral tone is unmarked and is shorter and lighter, commonly appearing in particles like ‘ma’, ‘ne’ and the second syllable of many disyllabic words.

记住，轻声不标调，发音短而轻，常出现在“吗、呢”等语气词以及许多双音节词的第二个音节中。

2. Basic Sentence Structure | 基本句子结构

The core Chinese sentence follows a fixed Subject – Verb – Object (SVO) formula, much like English. However, time and place expressions always appear before the verb, not at the end.

核心的中文句子遵循固定的主谓宾（SVO）公式，这与英语很相似。但时间和地点表达总是出现在动词之前，而不是句末。

S + Time + Place + V + O

For example: ‘I read books at school in the morning’ becomes ‘I morning at school read books’. Getting this word order right from the start prevents many common mistakes.

例如：“我早上在学校看书”不能把“早上”或“在学校”放在句尾。从一开始掌握这个语序可以防止许多常见错误。

我	明天	在图书馆	写	作业。
Subject	Time	Place	Verb	Object

Adverbs such as ‘hěn’ (very) and ‘dōu’ (all) also sit before the verb. A simple Subject + Adverb + Verb + Object template handles most elementary sentences.

副词如“很”、“都”也放在动词之前。一个简单的主语 + 副词 + 动词 + 宾语模板可以处理大多数基础句子。

3. Yes/No Questions with ‘ma’ | 用“吗”的是非问句

The easiest way to turn a statement into a yes/no question is to add the particle ‘ma’ at the very end. No change in word order is needed — this formula is one of the most powerful shortcuts in Chinese grammar.

将陈述句变为是非问句最简单的方法，是在句末加上语气词“吗”。无需改变语序 — 这个公式是中文语法中最强大的捷径之一。

Statement + 吗 ?

For instance, ‘Nǐ shì xuésheng.’ (You are a student.) becomes ‘Nǐ shì xuésheng ma?’ (Are you a student?). Just replace the full stop with ‘ma’ and a question mark.

例如，“你是学生。”变成“你是学生吗？”只需把句号替换为“吗”和问号即可。

Be careful not to use ‘ma’ when the sentence already contains a question word like ‘shénme’ (what) or ‘shéi’ (who). For those, the question word itself transforms the sentence without ‘ma’.

注意当句子本身已含有“什么”、“谁”等疑问词时，不要再用“吗”。这些疑问词本身就能构成问句，不需要“吗”。

4. Negation with ‘bù’ and ‘méi’ | “不”和“没”的否定公式

Negation in Chinese splits into two main formulas, depending on whether you are talking about the present/future or the past. Use ‘bù’ for general, habitual and future negation, and ‘méi’ to deny the completion of an action in the past.

中文的否定分为两个主要公式，取决于你谈论的是现在/将来还是过去。用“不”表示一般性、习惯性和将来的否定，用“没”否定过去动作的完成。

Subject + 不 + Verb (present/future)
Subject + 没 + Verb (past negation)

‘Wǒ bù hē kāfēi.’ (I don’t drink coffee.) uses ‘bù’ for a habitual statement. ‘Wǒ méi hē kāfēi.’ means ‘I didn’t drink coffee.’ and focuses on a specific past experience that did not happen.

“我不喝咖啡。”中的“不”用于习惯性陈述。“我没喝咖啡。”意思是“我没有喝咖啡。”，关注的是过去某次没有发生的经历。

When negating ‘yǒu’ (to have/to exist), always use ‘méi’ — never ‘bù’. Thus ‘Méi yǒu wèntí.’ (No problem.) is correct, but ‘bù yǒu’ is ungrammatical.

否定“有”时，总是用“没”，绝不能用“不”。因此“没有问题。”是正确的，而“不有”是不合乎语法的。

5. Using ‘de’ for Possession and Description | 用“的”表示所属和描述

The particle ‘de’ is a workhorse that links a modifier to a noun. Its core formula is: modifier + 的 + noun. This covers possession, simple adjectives, and longer relative clauses acting as descriptions.

助词“的”是连接修饰语和名词的主力。其核心公式为：修饰语 + 的 + 名词。这涵盖了所属关系、简单形容词以及起描述作用的长定语从句。

Possessor + 的 + Noun
Adjective + 的 + Noun

‘Wǒ de shū’ (my book) — possessive.

“我的书” — 所属。
‘Piàoliang de yīfu’ (beautiful clothes) — descriptive adjective.

“漂亮的衣服” — 描述性形容词。
‘Zuótiān mǎi de shū’ (the book that was bought yesterday) — a longer descriptive phrase.

“昨天买的书” — 更长的描述性短语。

In close personal relationships and with one-syllable adjectives that are intrinsically linked to the noun, ‘de’ is often dropped, but for Year 7 learners it is safer to keep ‘de’ until natural usage develops.

在亲密的个人关系以及单音节形容词与名词内在联系紧密时，“的”经常省略，但对 Year 7 学习者来说，在语感自然形成之前，保留“的”更为稳妥。

6. The Aspect Particle ‘le’ | 动态助词“了”

‘Le’ indicates a change of state or the completion of an action. The formula for completed action places ‘le’ immediately after the verb, while the sentence-final ‘le’ signals a new situation or a change.

“了”表示状态的变化或动作的完成。动作完成的公式将“了”紧接在动词之后，而句末的“了”则表示新情况的出现或变化。

Verb + 了 (completed action)
Sentence + 了 (change of state)

‘Wǒ chī le fàn.’ (I ate / I have eaten.) stresses the action’s completion. ‘Wǒ è le.’ (I am hungry now — I wasn’t before.) emphasises the change from not hungry to hungry.

“我吃了饭。”强调动作的完成。“我饿了。”则强调从不饿到饿的状态变化。

Negating a completed action requires ‘méi’ and you must drop ‘le’: ‘Wǒ méi chī fàn.’ (I didn’t eat.) is correct. ‘Wǒ méi chī le fàn.’ is wrong.

否定已完成的动作需要用“没”，并且必须去掉“了”：“我没吃饭。”是正确的，“我没吃了饭。”是错误的。

7. Expressing ‘can’ with ‘huì’, ‘néng’, ‘kěyǐ’ | 用“会”、“能”、“可以”表示“能”

English ‘can’ splits into three distinct modal verbs in Chinese, each following a simple formula: Subject + modal verb + Verb. The choice depends on whether you express a learned skill, a physical possibility, or permission.

英语里的“can”在中文中分化为三个不同的能愿动词，每个都遵循简单的公式：主语 + 能愿动词 + 动词。选择哪一个取决于你是表达学到的技能、身体上的可能性还是许可。

会 = learned skill or future likelihood
能 = physical ability or possibility
可以 = permission or feasibility

‘Wǒ huì shuō Hànyǔ.’ (I can speak Chinese — a learned skill.)

“我会说汉语。” — 学到的技能。
‘Wǒ néng qù.’ (I am able to go — physically possible or manageable.)

“我能去。” — 身体上可能，或安排得开。
‘Wǒ kěyǐ jìnlai ma?’ (May I come in? — asking for permission.)

“我可以进来吗？” — 请求许可。

In many contexts ‘néng’ and ‘kěyǐ’ overlap, but only ‘huì’ covers skills. Practising with everyday situations will help you internalise these formulas.

在很多情境下“能”和“可以”可以互换，但只有“会”涵盖技能。通过日常场景练习，你会逐渐内化这些公式。

8. Comparative Sentences with ‘bǐ’ | “比”字比较句

To compare two things, use the ‘bǐ’ formula. The structure is fixed: A + 比 + B + Adjective. You must never add ‘gèng’ right before the adjective unless you use ‘gèng’ for emphasis after the whole comparative structure.

比较两个事物时，使用“比”字公式。结构是固定的：A + 比 + B + 形容词。除非你在整个比较结构之后加“更”表示强调，否则不要在形容词前直接加“更”。

A + 比 + B + Adj ( + Complement)

‘Tā bǐ wǒ gāo.’ (She is taller than me.) The adjective ‘gāo’ directly closes the comparison. To add a degree, use a complement after the adjective: ‘Tā bǐ wǒ gāo yīdiǎnr.’ (She is a little taller than me.)

“她比我高。”形容词“高”直接完成比较。若要加上程度，可以在形容词后使用补语：“她比我高一点儿。”

Never say ‘bǐ wǒ hěn gāo’ — intensifiers like ‘hěn’ do not appear inside a ‘bǐ’ sentence unless placed before ‘bǐ’ to modify the whole comparison.

绝不要说“比我很高” — “很”之类的程度副词不能出现在“比”字句的形容词前，除非放在“比”之前修饰整个比较。

9. The ‘bǎ’ Sentence Structure | “把”字句结构

The ‘bǎ’ sentence rearranges a standard SVO sentence into a topic-focused formula where the object is moved before the verb. Its purpose is to show that something is done to the object, often with a result or change.

“把”字句将标准的主谓宾句重新排列为话题凸显的公式，宾语被提到动词之前。其目的是表明对宾语施加了某种动作，通常带来结果或变化。

Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Other Element

‘Wǒ bǎ mén guān shàng le.’ (I closed the door.) The verb ‘guān’ is followed by the result complement ‘shàng’ and ‘le’ to show completion. The object ‘mén’ is the thing being acted upon and changed.

“我把门关上了。”动词“关”后接结果补语“上”和“了”表示完成。宾语“门”是动作作用且改变的对象。

Never use ‘bǎ’ without a following complement or other element — a bare ‘bǎ + O + V’ is incomplete. Always include a result, direction, or at least ‘le’.

千万不要在没有后续补语或其他成分的情况下单独使用“把” — 光秃秃的“把 + 宾语 + 动词”是不完整的。务必包含结果、方向，或至少带上“了”。

10. The ‘bèi’ Sentence for Passive Voice | “被”字句表被动

While Chinese often avoids the passive, when you must express that the subject is the receiver of an action, the ‘bèi’ formula is essential. The structure mirrors the active voice but marks the agent with ‘bèi’.

虽然中文经常避免被动语态，但当你必须表达主语是动作的承受者时，“被”字公式必不可少。该结构镜像主动语态，但用“被”来标记动作的施事者。

Receiver + 被 + Agent + Verb + Other Element

‘Píngguǒ bèi wǒ chī le.’ (The apple was eaten by me.) The receiver ‘píngguǒ’ comes first, followed by ‘bèi’, the agent ‘wǒ’, the verb and then ‘le’ to complete the event. The agent can be omitted: ‘Píngguǒ bèi chī le.’ (The apple was eaten.)

“苹果被我吃了。”受事者“苹果”在最前面，后接“被”、施事者“我”、动词，然后以“了”完成事件。施事者可以省略：“苹果被吃了。”

In spoken Chinese, ‘bèi’ often carries a negative connotation of something unfortunate. For neutral or positive passives, the notional passive (just receiver + verb) is more common.

在口语中，“被”经常带有遭遇不幸的负面色彩。对于中性或正面的被动，意念被动句（仅受事者 + 动词）更为常见。

11. Conjunctions and Linking Words | 关联词和连接词

Chinese conjunctions often come in pairs: one sets up the condition, the other delivers the result. Treating these as twin formulas will instantly make your sentences more fluent and logical.

中文的关联词常常成对出现：一个提出条件，另一个引出结果。把这些关联词当作双双对应的公式，会使你的句子立刻更流利、更有逻辑。

因为…所以… (because… therefore…)
虽然…但是… (although… but…)
如果…就… (if… then…)
不但…而且… (not only… but also…)

‘Yīnwèi xià yǔ, suǒyǐ wǒ bù qù.’ (Because it is raining, I am not going.) Note that both ‘yīnwèi’ and ‘suǒyǐ’ are often used together, unlike English.

“因为下雨，所以我不去。”注意“因为”和“所以”经常一起使用，这与英语不同。

Even though in English ‘although’ and ‘but’ are not used together, in Chinese ‘suīrán… dànshì…’ is the standard formula and sounds perfectly natural.

尽管英语中“although”和“but”不同时使用，在中文里“虽然……但是……”却是标准公式，听起来非常自然。

12. Measure Words | 量词的使用

When counting nouns in Chinese, you must insert a measure word between the number and the noun. The formula is: Number + Measure Word + Noun. Every noun belongs to a type that takes a specific measure word.

在中文里数名词时，必须在数词和名词之间插入量词。公式为：数词 + 量词 + 名词。每个名词都属于某一类别，需搭配特定的量词。

Number + MW + Noun

The most versatile measure word is ‘gè’ (个), used for people and many common objects. Long thin objects use ‘tiáo’ (条), like fish and rivers. Flat objects use ‘zhāng’ (张), like paper and tables. Bound volumes use ‘běn’ (本), like books.

最通用的量词是“个”，用于人以及许多常见物体。长条状的物体用“条”，比如鱼和河流。平面物体用“张”，比如纸和桌子。装订成册的用“本”，比如书。

‘yī gè rén’ (one person) — 一个人
‘sān tiáo yú’ (three fish) — 三条鱼
‘liǎng zhāng zhǐ’ (two sheets of paper) — 两张纸
‘sì běn shū’ (four books) — 四本书

Memorising the most frequent noun–measure word pairs is far more effective than learning lists, because it mimics how native speakers acquire these patterns.

记忆最常见名词与量词的搭配远比死记硬背列表更有效，因为这样能模仿母语者习得这些模式的方式。

Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）

Year 7 CAIE Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Rules | Year 7 CAIE 中文：公式定理速查手册