📚 Year 7 CAIE History: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 7 CAIE 历史：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering historical vocabulary is the first step to understanding the past. This guide covers essential terms for Year 7 CAIE History, from sources and chronology to key concepts in ancient, medieval and early modern periods. Each term is explained clearly with its Chinese translation to help bilingual learners study effectively.
掌握历史词汇是理解过去的第一步。本指南涵盖 Year 7 CAIE 历史的基本术语，从史料和时间顺序到古代、中世纪和近代早期的重要概念。每个术语均配有清晰解释和中文翻译，帮助双语学习者高效学习。
1. Sources & Evidence | 史料与证据
Primary Source – A document or object created during the time being studied, such as a diary, photograph, or artefact. Primary sources provide first-hand evidence from the past.
第一手史料 – 研究时期产生的文件或物品，如日记、照片、文物。第一手史料提供过去的直接证据。
Secondary Source – A work that interprets or analyses primary sources, created after the event, e.g. a textbook or documentary. It offers a second-hand account.
第二手史料 – 解释或分析第一手史料的作品，在事件之后产生，如教科书或纪录片。它提供的是二手叙述。
Artefact – A man-made object from the past, such as tools, pottery, or weapons, studied by archaeologists to learn about ancient life.
文物 – 过去人造的物品，如工具、陶器、武器，由考古学家研究以了解古代生活。
Bias – A one-sided viewpoint that may distort the truth. Historians must detect bias to evaluate whether a source is fair and accurate.
偏见 – 片面的观点，可能歪曲真相。历史学家须察觉偏见，以判断史料是否公正准确。
Reliability – How trustworthy a source is. It depends on the author, purpose, intended audience, and the context in which it was created.
可靠性 – 史料的可信程度，取决于作者、目的、受众以及创作背景。
2. Chronology & Dates | 时间顺序与日期
Chronology – The arrangement of events in the order they happened. A timeline is a visual tool to show chronology.
时间顺序 – 按发生顺序排列事件。时间轴是展示时间顺序的可视化工具。
BC (Before Christ) / AD (Anno Domini) – BC counts years before the traditionally recognised birth of Jesus; AD counts years after. In non-religious terms, BCE (Before Common Era) and CE (Common Era) are used.
公元前 / 公元 – BC 计算耶稣诞生前的年份；AD 计算之后的年份。在非宗教语境中，也使用 BCE（公历前）和 CE（公历）。
Decade – A period of 10 years. Centuries are 100-year blocks, and a millennium is 1000 years.
十年 – 十年的时间段。世纪为 100 年，千年为 1000 年。
Period / Era – A broad span of time with distinct characteristics, e.g. the Medieval period or Victorian era.
时期 / 时代 – 具有鲜明特征的广泛时间跨度，例如中世纪时期或维多利亚时代。
Circa (c.) – Latin for ‘about’, used when an exact date is unknown, e.g. c. 500 BC.
约 (c.) – 拉丁语，意为“大约”，用于确切日期未知时，如约公元前 500 年。
3. Ancient Civilisations | 古代文明
Civilisation – A complex society with cities, organised government, writing, art, and social classes. Early examples include Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley.
文明 – 拥有城市、有组织的政府、文字、艺术和社会阶层的复杂社会。早期例子包括美索不达米亚、埃及和印度河流域。
Empire – A large territory ruled by a single supreme authority, often an emperor, and containing many different peoples. The Roman Empire is a famous example.
帝国 – 由单一最高权威（通常是皇帝）统治的大片领土，包含许多不同民族。罗马帝国是著名的例子。
Pharaoh – The title of the ancient Egyptian ruler, considered both a king and a god.
法老 – 古埃及统治者的称号，既被视为国王也被视为神。
Dynasty – A series of rulers from the same family who pass power down through generations, such as the ancient Chinese dynasties.
王朝 – 来自同一家族、代代相传的一系列统治者，如中国古代王朝。
Polytheism / Monotheism – Polytheism is belief in many gods (e.g. Greek, Roman); monotheism is belief in a single god (e.g. Judaism, Christianity, Islam).
多神教 / 一神教 – 多神教信仰多个神（如希腊、罗马）；一神教信仰唯一的神（如犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教）。
4. Government & Rulership | 政府与统治
Monarchy – A form of government headed by a king or queen, where power is usually inherited. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler has total control.
君主制 – 由国王或女王领导的政府形式，权力通常世袭。在绝对君主制中，统治者拥有完全控制权。
Democracy – A system in which citizens have the power to elect leaders and influence decisions. Ancient Athens is known for early democracy.
民主 – 一种制度，公民有权选举领导人和影响决策。古雅典以早期民主闻名。
Republic – A state where power is held by elected representatives rather than a monarch. The Roman Republic is a key example.
共和国 – 权力由选举产生的代表掌握而非君主的国家。罗马共和国是一个重要例子。
Feudalism – A social and economic system in medieval Europe where land was exchanged for loyalty and military service, creating a strict hierarchy.
封建制度 – 中世纪欧洲的一种社会和经济制度，土地换取忠诚和军事服务，形成严格的等级制度。
Magna Carta – A charter agreed by King John of England in 1215, limiting royal power and protecting certain rights, seen as a step towards democracy.
《大宪章》 – 1215 年英格兰约翰王同意的宪章，限制了王权并保护某些权利，被视为走向民主的一步。
5. Medieval Society | 中世纪社会
Lord / Vassal / Serf – In the feudal system, a lord granted land to a vassal in return for military service. Serfs were peasants tied to the land, with limited freedom.
领主 / 封臣 / 农奴 – 封建制度中，领主授予封臣土地以换取军事服务。农奴是束缚于土地的农民，自由有限。
Manor – A large estate owned by a lord, including farmland, villages, and the lord’s residence. Manors were self-sufficient communities.
庄园 – 领主拥有的大地产，包括农田、村庄和领主宅邸。庄园是自给自足的社区。
Chivalry – A code of conduct for knights, stressing honour, bravery, loyalty, and respect for women and the weak.
骑士精神 – 骑士的行为准则，强调荣誉、勇敢、忠诚及尊重妇女和弱者。
Guild – An association of craftsmen or merchants who controlled trade in a town, set standards, and trained apprentices.
行会 – 手工业者或商人的协会，控制城镇贸易、制定标准并培训学徒。
Black Death – A devastating plague that swept through Europe in the 14th century, killing a huge portion of the population and causing major social change.
黑死病 – 14 世纪席卷欧洲的毁灭性瘟疫，夺走了大量人口，并引发了重大社会变革。
6. Religion & Beliefs | 宗教与信仰
Church (Medieval) / Pope – The Church was the central authority of Christianity in Western Europe. The Pope was its leader, holding immense spiritual and political influence.
教会 / 教皇 – 教会是西欧基督教的中央权威。教皇是其领袖，拥有巨大的精神和政治影响力。
Monastery / Pilgrimage – A monastery was a religious community where monks lived and worked. A pilgrimage was a journey to a holy site to show devotion.
修道院 / 朝圣 – 修道院是修士生活和工作的宗教社区。朝圣是前往圣地的旅程，以示虔诚。
Crusade – A series of medieval military expeditions by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land, also leading to cultural exchange and conflict.
十字军东征 – 中世纪欧洲基督徒为收复圣地而发动的一系列军事远征，也带来了文化交流与冲突。
Reformation – A 16th-century movement that challenged the Catholic Church’s authority, leading to the rise of Protestant churches. Key figures include Martin Luther.
宗教改革 – 16 世纪挑战天主教权威的运动，导致新教兴起。关键人物包括马丁·路德。
Heresy – Beliefs that went against the official teachings of the Church. Heretics could face severe punishment in medieval times.
异端 – 与教会官方教义相悖的信仰。中世纪时异端分子可能面临严厉惩罚。
7. Warfare & Conflict | 军事与冲突
Infantry / Cavalry – Infantry are foot soldiers; cavalry are soldiers who fight on horseback. Cavalry often had higher status and greater mobility in battle.
步兵 / 骑兵 – 步兵是徒步作战的士兵；骑兵是骑马作战的士兵。骑兵在战斗中通常地位更高、机动性更强。
Siege – A military tactic where an army surrounds a fortified place (castle, city) to force its surrender by cutting off supplies.
围攻 – 一种军事战术，军队包围防御地点（城堡、城镇），切断补给以迫使其投降。
Castle / Longbow – Castles were defensive fortresses. The longbow was a powerful medieval weapon, famously used by English archers to pierce armour.
城堡 / 长弓 – 城堡是防御性堡垒。长弓是中世纪强大的武器，以英国弓箭手穿透盔甲而闻名。
Knight – A heavily armoured mounted warrior in the medieval period, bound by the code of chivalry.
骑士 – 中世纪全副武装的骑马武士，受骑士精神约束。
Armada – A large fleet of warships. The Spanish Armada of 1588 famously attempted to invade England but was defeated.
无敌舰队 – 一支庞大的战舰舰队。1588 年西班牙无敌舰队试图入侵英格兰但被击败。
8. Trade & Exploration | 贸易与探索
Silk Road – An ancient network of trade routes connecting China and the Mediterranean, exchanging silk, spices, ideas, and technologies.
丝绸之路 – 连接中国与地中海的古代贸易路线网络，交换丝绸、香料、思想和技术。
Merchant / Caravan – A merchant is a trader of goods. A caravan is a group of merchants travelling together for safety, often using camels along desert routes.
商人 / 商队 – 商人是贸易货物的交易者。商队是结伴出行的商人群，为安全常沿沙漠路线使用骆驼。
Trade Route – A path or sea lane used for the exchange of goods. Maritime trade routes helped spread culture and wealth.
贸易路线 – 用于商品交换的路径或航道。海上贸易路线促进了文化和财富的传播。
Colony – A territory taken over and settled by a foreign power, often exploited for resources. European nations established colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
殖民地 – 被外国势力占领和定居的领土，常被剥削资源。欧洲国家在美洲、非洲和亚洲建立了殖民地。
Conquistador / Age of Discovery – Spanish conquerors in the Americas, such as Cortés. This period of overseas exploration dramatically expanded European knowledge of the world.
征服者 / 大发现时代 – 西班牙在美洲的征服者，如科尔特斯。这段海外探索时期极大扩展了欧洲对世界的认识。
9. Renaissance & Change | 文艺复兴与变革
Renaissance – A cultural ‘rebirth’ in Europe (c. 14th–17th centuries), reviving interest in classical Greek and Roman learning, art, and science.
文艺复兴 – 欧洲文化的“重生”（约 14–17 世纪），重燃对古典希腊罗马学问、艺术和科学的兴趣。
Humanism – An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused on human potential and achievements, rather than purely religious matters.
人文主义 – 文艺复兴时期的智识运动，聚焦人类潜力和成就，而非纯宗教事务。
Patron – A wealthy person or institution that financially supported artists and scholars, such as the Medici family in Florence.
赞助人 – 资助艺术家和学者的富人或机构，如佛罗伦萨的美第奇家族。
Perspective (in art) – A technique to create the illusion of depth and three-dimensional space on a flat surface, a hallmark of Renaissance painting.
透视法 – 在平面上创造深度和三维空间错觉的技法，是文艺复兴绘画的标志。
Printing Press – Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, it revolutionised the spread of knowledge by making books cheaper and more widely available.
印刷机 – 由约翰内斯·古登堡在 15 世纪发明，通过使书籍更便宜更普及，彻底变革了知识传播。
10. Key History Skills Terminology | 历史技能关键术语
Cause / Consequence – Cause refers to the reasons why an event happened; consequence is what resulted from it. Historians link causes to understand change.
原因 / 后果 – 原因指事件发生的理由；后果指由它产生的结果。历史学家串联原因以理解变迁。
Change / Continuity – Change is a significant alteration over time; continuity is what stays the same despite developments. Both are key in studying history.
变化 / 延续 – 变化是随时间发生的重大改变；延续是尽管有发展但保持不变的事物。两者都是历史研究的关键。
Significance – The importance of an event, person, or development in shaping later history. Not all events are equally significant.
重要性 – 事件、人物或发展在塑造后来历史方面的重要性。并非所有事件同样重要。
Interpretation – A particular way of explaining the past. Different historians may interpret the same evidence differently.
解释 – 一种解释过去的特定方式。不同的历史学家可能对同一证据作出不同诠释。
Similarity / Difference – Comparing historical periods or societies reveals similarities (what they have in common) and differences (what sets them apart).
相似 / 差异 – 比较历史时期或社会可揭示相似之处（共同点）和差异（不同点）。
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