📚 Year 7 CAIE Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 7 CAIE 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your Year 7 Spanish quick reference guide. This handbook collects the essential ‘formulas’ of Spanish grammar — the rules and patterns you need to build correct sentences. Each section pairs a clear English explanation with a matching Chinese version, so you can study with confidence. Use this guide as a revision tool and a companion to your CAIE lessons.
欢迎使用 Year 7 西班牙语速查手册。本手册汇集了西班牙语语法的核心“公式”——你需要用来构建正确句子的规则和模式。每个部分都将清晰的英文解释与对应的中文配对，让你自信学习。请将本指南作为复习工具和 CAIE 课程的伴侣。
1. Noun Gender Rules | 名词性别规则
In Spanish every noun is either masculine or feminine. Masculine nouns usually end in -o, while feminine nouns often end in -a. However, there are exceptions and some nouns end in -e or consonants. Knowing the gender is essential because articles and adjectives must match.
在西班牙语中，每个名词要么是阳性，要么是阴性。阳性名词通常以 -o 结尾，阴性名词常以 -a 结尾。但也有例外，一些名词以 -e 或辅音结尾。了解性别至关重要，因为冠词和形容词必须与之匹配。
Rule of thumb: nouns ending in -o are masculine (el chico, the boy); nouns ending in -a are feminine (la chica, the girl). Nouns ending in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad are usually feminine. Those ending in -ma, -pa, -ta are often masculine and come from Greek. Always learn the article with the noun.
经验法则：以 -o 结尾的名词为阳性(如 el chico, 男孩)；以 -a 结尾的名词为阴性(如 la chica, 女孩)。以 -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad 结尾的名词通常为阴性。以 -ma, -pa, -ta 结尾的名词常为阳性且源自希腊语。学习名词时请始终记住其冠词。
- Examples: el libro (book), la mesa (table), el problema (problem, masculine), la mano (hand, feminine exception).
- 例子：el libro (书)，la mesa (桌子)，el problema (问题，阳性)，la mano (手，阴性例外)。
2. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词
Articles in Spanish must agree in gender and number with the noun. The definite article ‘the’ has four forms: el (masculine singular), los (masculine plural), la (feminine singular), las (feminine plural). The indefinite article ‘a/an/some’ also has four: un, unos, una, unas.
西班牙语中的冠词必须与名词的性和数一致。定冠词“the”有四种形式：el (阳性单数)、los (阳性复数)、la (阴性单数)、las (阴性复数)。不定冠词“a/an/ some”也有四种：un, unos, una, unas。
| Type | Masc. Sg. | Masc. Pl. | Fem. Sg. | Fem. Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite | el | los | la | las |
| Indefinite | un | unos | una | unas |
Use the definite article when talking about something specific or general concepts. Use the indefinite article when referring to one thing among many, or for the first time you mention something. Remember that unos/unas can mean ‘some’ or ‘a few’.
谈论特定事物或一般概念时使用定冠词。当提到众多事物中的一个，或首次提及某物时使用不定冠词。请记住 unos/unas 可表示“一些”或“几个”。
3. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词变位
Spanish verbs are classified into three groups: -ar, -er, and -ir. Each type follows a fixed pattern of endings in the present tense. This is the most important ‘formula’ for Year 7 students.
西班牙语动词分为三类：-ar, -er 和 -ir。每类动词在现在时中遵循固定的词尾模式。这是七年级学生最重要的“公式”。
-ar verbs (e.g. hablar): -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
-er verbs (e.g. comer): -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
-ir verbs (e.g. vivir): -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en
Notice that -er and -ir verbs are almost identical except for the ‘we’ (nosotros) and ‘you all’ (vosotros) forms. To conjugate, remove the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add the appropriate ending for the subject.
请注意，-er 和 -ir 动词几乎相同，除了“我们”(nosotros)和“你们所有人”(vosotros)的形式。变位时，去掉不定式词尾(-ar, -er, -ir)并添加与主语匹配的词尾。
- Yo hablo (I speak), tú comes (you eat), él/ella vive (he/she lives), nosotros hablamos, vosotros coméis, ellos viven.
- Yo hablo (我说)，tú comes (你吃)，él/ella vive (他/她住)，nosotros hablamos，vosotros coméis，ellos viven。
4. Key Irregular Verbs: Ser and Tener | 关键不规则动词：Ser 和 Tener
The verbs ser (to be) and tener (to have) are highly irregular and appear in countless sentences. Memorising their forms is essential because they are used for identity, description, possession, and age.
动词 ser (是) 和 tener (有) 非常不规则，出现在无数句子中。记住它们的形式至关重要，因为它们用于身份、描述、拥有和年龄的表达。
Ser: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
Tener: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
Ser describes permanent or inherent characteristics: origin, nationality, profession, time. Tener expresses possession, age (tener + años), and certain states like hunger or thirst (tener hambre, tener sed). Keep these two distinct from estar (another ‘to be’ for location and feelings), which you will meet later.
Ser 描述永久或固有特征：来源、国籍、职业、时间。Tener 表达拥有、年龄(tener + años)以及某些状态，如饥饿或口渴(tener hambre, tener sed)。请将这两个词与 estar (另一个用于位置和情感的“是”)区分开，稍后会学到。
- Soy inglés. (I am English.) Tengo doce años. (I am twelve years old.)
- Soy inglés. (我是英国人。) Tengo doce años. (我十二岁。)
5. Adjective Agreement | 形容词一致性
Adjectives in Spanish must agree with the noun they describe in both number (singular/plural) and gender (masculine/feminine). This matching is a key structure. Most adjectives ending in -o change to -a for feminine and add -s for plural.
西班牙语中的形容词必须在数(单数/复数)和性(阳性/阴性)上与其修饰的名词保持一致。这种匹配是一个关键结构。大多数以 -o 结尾的形容词变为阴性时改 -a，变为复数时加 -s。
- Masculine singular: un libro rojo (a red book)
- Feminine singular: una casa roja (a red house)
- Masculine plural: libros rojos
- Feminine plural: casas rojas
Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant typically only change for number: un examen fácil (an easy exam), exámenes fáciles. Common exceptions: adjectives of nationality like español/a. Position: descriptive adjectives usually come after the noun, but a few (bueno, malo, grande, pequeño) can precede.
以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常只随数变化：un examen fácil (一次简单的考试)，exámenes fáciles。常见例外：国籍形容词如 español/a。位置：描述性形容词通常放在名词之后，但少数几个(如 bueno, malo, grande, pequeño)可以放在前面。
6. Basic Sentence Structure | 基本句子结构
The typical word order in Spanish statements is Subject + Verb + Object, similar to English. However, Spanish is more flexible because verb endings often indicate the subject, so the subject pronoun can be dropped. Questions are formed by intonation or by inverting subject and verb.
西班牙语陈述句的典型词序是主语 + 动词 + 宾语，与英语类似。然而，西班牙语更加灵活，因为动词词尾通常表明主语，所以主语代词可以省略。疑问句通过语调或主谓倒装来构成。
Affirmative: (Yo) estudio español. (I study Spanish.) Negative: simply place ‘no’ before the verb: No estudio francés. (I do not study French.) Double negatives are common: No tengo nada. (I don’t have anything / I have nothing.)
肯定句：(Yo) estudio español. (我学习西班牙语。) 否定句：简单地将 ‘no’ 放在动词前：No estudio francés. (我不学习法语。) 双重否定很常见：No tengo nada. (我什么都没有。)
Statement: Subject + Verb + Object ➔ Question: ¿Verb + Subject + Object?
陈述句：主语 + 动词 + 宾语 ➔ 疑问句：¿动词 + 主语 + 宾语?
Example: Tú hablas inglés. (You speak English.) → ¿Hablas tú inglés? (Do you speak English?) In everyday speech, intonation alone often suffices: ¿Tú hablas inglés? Remember the inverted question mark at the start.
例子：Tú hablas inglés. (你说英语。) → ¿Hablas tú inglés? (你说英语吗？) 在日常口语中，仅用语调也常常足够：¿Tú hablas inglés? 记得在开头使用倒问号。
7. Question Words and Making Questions | 疑问词与提问
To ask for information, Spanish uses question words that all carry an accent mark. Learning these will help you form countless questions for classroom and real-life situations.
为了询问信息，西班牙语使用全部带重音符号的疑问词。学习这些将帮助你针对课堂和现实情境提出无数问题。
| English | Spanish | Example |
|---|---|---|
| What? | ¿Qué? | ¿Qué es esto? |
| Who? | ¿Quién? / ¿Quiénes? | ¿Quién es tu amigo? |
| How? | ¿Cómo? | ¿Cómo estás? |
| Where? | ¿Dónde? | ¿Dónde vives? |
| When? | ¿Cuándo? | ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? |
| Why? | ¿Por qué? | ¿Por qué estudias español? |
| Which? | ¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles? | ¿Cuál prefieres? |
| How many? | ¿Cuántos/as? | ¿Cuántos años tienes? |
Remember the inverted question mark (¿) always opens a question. When using prepositions like ‘with whom’ (con quién) or ‘from where’ (de dónde), the preposition goes at the beginning.
请记住，倒问号(¿)总是开启一个问题。使用介词时，如“和谁”(con quién)或“从哪里”(de dónde)，介词放在句首。
8. Numbers, Dates and Time | 数字、日期和时间
Numbers 1-30 are necessary for telling age, counting, and dates. The days of the week and months are not capitalised in Spanish. To say the date, use: ‘Es el + number + de + month’. The verb ‘ser’ is used for time: ‘Es la una’ (it’s one o’clock) and ‘Son las dos/tres…’ (it’s two/three o’clock…).
数字1-30对于表达年龄、计数和日期是必要的。西班牙语中的星期和月份不需要大写。表达日期时使用：“Es el + 数字 + de + 月份”。动词 ‘ser’ 用于时间：“Es la una”(现在一点钟)和“Son las dos/tres…”(现在两点/三点钟…)。
Time formula: Son las + hour + y + minutes / menos + minutes. e.g. Son las tres y diez (3:10), Son las dos menos cinco (1:55).
时间公式：Son las + 小时 + y + 分钟 / menos + 分钟。例如 Son las tres y diez (3:10)，Son las dos menos cinco (1:55)。
For dates: Hoy es el cinco de octubre. (Today is the 5th of October.) The first day of the month is ‘el primero’. Days: lunes, martes, miércoles, jueves, viernes, sábado, domingo. Months: enero, febrero, marzo, abril, mayo, junio, julio, agosto, septiembre, octubre, noviembre, diciembre.
日期：Hoy es el cinco de octubre. (今天是10月5日。) 每月的第一天用 ‘el primero’。星期：星期一至星期日。月份：一月至十二月。
9. Possession with ‘de’ and Possessive Adjectives | 用 ‘de’ 表示所有和物主形容词
There are two main ways to show ownership in Year 7 Spanish. The ‘formula’ using ‘de’ is: noun + de + owner. This is like using ‘of’ in English. Possessive adjectives agree with the thing possessed, not the owner.
在七年级的西班牙语中，有两种主要方式表示所有权。使用 ‘de’ 的“公式”是：名词 + de + 所有者。这类似于英语中的 ‘of’。物主形容词在性和数上与被拥有物一致，而非与所有者一致。
Structure: el libro de María (Maria’s book / the book of Maria)
结构：el libro de María (玛丽亚的书)
Possessive adjectives (short forms) are: mi/mis (my), tu/tus (your familiar), su/sus (his, her, your formal, their), nuestro/a/os/as (our), vuestro/a/os/as (your plural familiar). They change only for number (and gender in nuestro/vuestro). They come before the noun: mi casa, mis amigos.
物主形容词(短形式)为：mi/mis (我的)，tu/tus (你的，非正式)，su/sus (他的、她的、您的、他们的)，nuestro/a/os/as (我们的)，vuestro/a/os/as (你们的，复数非正式)。它们仅随数变化(nuestro/vuestro 也随性变化)。放在名词之前：mi casa (我的房子)，mis amigos (我的朋友们)。
10. Likes and Dislikes: Gustar | 喜欢与不喜欢：Gustar
The verb gustar works differently to English ‘to like’. Its literal meaning is ‘to be pleasing’. The thing being liked becomes the subject, and the person is expressed with an indirect object pronoun. For Year 7, learn the basic construction with ‘me gusta’ and ‘me gustan’.
动词 gustar 的用法与英语的 ‘to like’ 不同。它的字面意思是“令人喜欢”。被喜欢的事物变成主语，而人则用间接宾语代词表达。对于七年级，学习使用 ‘me gusta’ 和 ‘me gustan’ 的基本结构。
Gustar formula: (A + person) + indirect object pronoun + gusta/gustan + thing(s).
Gustar 公式：(A + 人) + 间接宾语代词 + gusta/gustan + 事物。
- Me gusta el helado. (I like ice cream, literally ‘Ice cream is pleasing to me’)
- Me gustan los perros. (I like dogs, literally ‘Dogs are pleasing to me’)
Use ‘gusta’ when the thing liked is singular or an infinitive: Me gusta bailar. Use ‘gustan’ when the thing liked is plural. The pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, os, les. You can also add a + name/pronoun for emphasis: A Juan le gusta el fútbol.
当被喜欢的事物是单数或不定式时使用 ‘gusta’：Me gusta bailar. (我喜欢跳舞。) 当被喜欢的事物是复数时使用 ‘gustan’。代词为：me, te, le, nos, os, les。你也可以添加 a + 名字/代词表示强调：A Juan le gusta el fútbol. (胡安喜欢足球。)
11. Common Prepositions and Their Uses | 常用介词及其用法
Prepositions are small words that show relationships of place, direction, and time. Mastering them early helps build complex sentences. The most frequent ones in Year 7 are: a (to, at), de (of, from), en (in, on, at), con (with), sin (without), por (for, by, along), para (for, in order to).
介词是表示地点、方向和时间关系的小词。早日掌握它们有助于构建复杂句子。七年级最常用的介词有：a (到，在)，de (的，来自)，en (在…里，在…上，在)，con (和)，sin (没有)，por (为了，被，沿着)，para (为了，为了做某事)。
The personal ‘a’ is a special rule: when the direct object is a person or a pet, you must place ‘a’ before it. Example: Veo a mi hermano. (I see my brother.) There is no equivalent in English.
人称 ‘a’ 是一条特殊规则：当直接宾语是人或宠物时，必须在其前面加 ‘a’。例子：Veo a mi hermano. (我看到我兄弟。) 英语中没有对应规则。
Common contractions: a + el = al (Voy al parque), de + el = del (el libro del profesor). These contractions happen automatically.
常见缩写：a + el = al (我去公园)，de + el = del (老师的书)。这些缩写会自动发生。
12. High-Frequency Vocabulary Topics | 高频主题词汇
Building a solid vocabulary base is just as crucial as learning grammar formulas. At Year 7, CAIE expects you to handle topics such as greetings, classroom objects, family, descriptions, food, free time, and daily routine. Organise your learning around these themes.
建立扎实的词汇基础和学习语法公式同样重要。在七年级，CAIE 要求你掌握问候、教室用品、家庭、描述、食物、休闲时间和日常生活等主题。围绕这些主题组织你的学习。
- Greetings: Hola, ¿Qué tal?, Buenos días, Buenas tardes, Adiós, Hasta luego.
- Classroom: el lápiz (pencil), la mochila (backpack), el cuaderno (notebook), la pizarra (board).
- Family: madre, padre, hermano/a, abuelo/a, tío/a, primo/a.
- Descriptions: alto/bajo (tall/short), simpático/a (nice), inteligente, gracioso/a (funny).
- Food: fruta, pan, leche, agua, zumo, pollo, ensalada.
- Free time: jugar (to play), leer (to read), escuchar música, ver la televisión, hacer deporte.
Use these as checklists. For each topic, try to form simple sentences combining the vocabulary with the grammar formulas from earlier sections.
将这些用作清单。针对每个主题，尝试结合之前学过的语法公式形成简单句子。
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