Year 7 Cambridge Art: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 剑桥 Year 7 艺术：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 Cambridge Art: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 剑桥 Year 7 艺术：公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your handy guide to the key ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ of Art. In visual art, we treat the fundamental rules of colour mixing, perspective, composition, and the elements of design like scientific principles. This booklet will help you revise and remember these essential concepts for your Cambridge Year 7 Art studies.

欢迎使用这本艺术关键“公式”与“定理”速查手册。在视觉艺术中，我们把色彩混合、透视、构图的基本规则，以及设计的元素当作科学原理来对待。这本小册子将帮助你复习并牢记剑桥 Year 7 艺术学习中的基本概念。

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1. The Elements of Art | 艺术元素

The elements of art are the basic building blocks used to create any artwork. There are seven core elements: line, shape, form, space, colour, value, and texture.

艺术元素是创作任何艺术作品的基本构件。核心元素有七种：线条、形状、形体、空间、色彩、明暗和纹理。

Line: A continuous mark with length and direction. It can vary in width, texture, and curvature to express different feelings.

线条：具有长度和方向的连续标记。它可以变化宽度、纹理和曲率，表达不同情感。

Shape: A two-dimensional flat area defined by edges. Shapes can be geometric (like circles and squares) or organic (freeform).

形状：由边缘界定的二维平面区域。形状可以是几何的（如圆形和方形）或有机的（自由形）。

Form: A three-dimensional object that has height, width, and depth. In art, form can be real (sculpture) or implied through shading.

形体：具有高度、宽度和深度的三维物体。在艺术中，形体可以是真实的（雕塑）或通过明暗暗示的。

Space: The area around, between, and within objects. Artists use positive space (the subject) and negative space (the background) to create depth.

空间：物体周围、之间和内部的区域。艺术家运用正空间（主体）和负空间（背景）来创造深度感。

Colour: The element produced when light reflects off a surface. Colour has three properties: hue (name), value (lightness/darkness), and intensity (brightness/dullness).

色彩：光从表面反射时产生的元素。色彩有三个属性：色相（名称）、明度（亮暗）和纯度（鲜艳度/灰度）。

Value: The lightness or darkness of a colour. Value is essential for creating contrast, depth, and mood.

明暗：色彩的明亮或黑暗程度。明暗对于创造对比、深度和情绪至关重要。

Texture: The surface quality of an object, either actual (tactile) or implied (visual). Artists simulate texture using varied lines and shading.

纹理：物体表面的质感，可以是实际的（触觉）或暗示的（视觉）。艺术家通过多样的线条和明暗来模拟纹理。

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2. The Principles of Design | 设计原则

The principles of design are the rules that govern how artists arrange the elements of art to create effective and expressive compositions.

设计原则是指导艺术家如何安排艺术元素以创作出有效且富有表现力的作品的规则。

Balance: The distribution of visual weight. It can be symmetrical (equal on both sides) or asymmetrical (different but still balanced).

平衡：视觉重量的分配。它可以是对称的（两侧相等）或不对称的（不同但仍平衡）。

Contrast: The arrangement of opposite elements (light vs dark, rough vs smooth, large vs small) to create visual interest.

对比：对立元素（明与暗、粗糙与光滑、大与小）的安排，以创造视觉趣味。

Emphasis: Creating a focal point to draw the viewer’s attention. It can be achieved through contrast, placement, or size.

强调：创造一个焦点以吸引观众注意。可以通过对比、位置或大小来实现。

Movement: The path the viewer’s eye follows through the artwork. Lines, shapes, and colours can direct this visual flow.

动感（引导视线）：观众视线在作品中移动的路径。线条、形状和色彩可以引导这种视觉流动。

Pattern: The repetition of elements or motifs to create a decorative effect. Patterns can be regular or irregular.

图案：元素或母题的重复，以创造装饰效果。图案可以规则或不规则。

Proportion: The relationship in size between different parts of an artwork. Correct proportion makes objects look realistic.

比例：艺术品各部分之间的大小关系。正确的比例使物体看起来真实。

Rhythm: Created by repeating visual elements at regular or flowing intervals, similar to musical rhythm.

节奏：通过在规律或流动的间隔中重复视觉元素来创造，类似于音乐节奏。

Unity: The feeling that all parts of a piece work together as a whole. Harmony of elements creates unity.

统一：一件作品中所有部分协同工作的整体感。元素的和谐创造统一。

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3. The Colour Wheel and Colour Theory | 色轮与色彩理论

The colour wheel is a circular diagram that shows the relationships between colours. The primary colours are red, yellow, and blue.

色轮是一个显示色彩之间关系的圆形图表。三原色是红色、黄色和蓝色。

Secondary colours are made by mixing two primary colours. These mixing formulas are fundamental to colour theory.

间色由混合两种原色产生。这些混合公式是色彩理论的基础。

Red + Yellow → Orange

Yellow + Blue → Green

Blue + Red → Violet

Each secondary colour sits between the two primaries on the wheel. Tertiary colours are made by mixing a primary with a neighbouring secondary, such as red-orange or blue-green.

每种间色在色轮上位于两种原色之间。复色通过混合一种原色和一种相邻的间色制成，例如橙红色或蓝绿色。

Complementary colours are opposite each other on the colour wheel, such as red and green. They create strong contrast when placed together.

互补色是色轮上相对的颜色，例如红色和绿色。它们放在一起时产生强烈对比。

Analogous colours are next to each other, like blue, blue-green, and green. They create harmony and are pleasing to the eye.

类似色是色轮上相邻的颜色，如蓝色、蓝绿色和绿色。它们创造和谐，令人愉悦。

When complementary colours are mixed, they neutralise each other. This is a useful ‘formula’ for creating shadows.

当互补色混合时，它们会相互中和。这是一个创造阴影的实用“公式”。

Complementary Mix Theorem: Red + Green → Brown (neutralised)

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4. Mixing Colours: The Formulas | 色彩混合公式

In painting, you can alter colours systematically using tints, shades, and tones. These are like practical mixing formulas.

在绘画中，你可以通过浅色、深色和色调系统地改变颜色。这些像是实用的混合公式。

Colour + White → Tint (lighter version)

A tint is created by adding white, making the colour lighter. For example, red + white becomes pink.

浅色通过添加白色产生，使颜色变亮。例如，红色 + 白色变成粉红色。

Colour + Black → Shade (darker version)

A shade is made by adding black, darkening the colour. Blue + black becomes navy.

深色通过添加黑色产生，使颜色变暗。蓝色 + 黑色变成海军蓝。

Colour + Grey → Tone (muted version)

Adding grey creates a tone, which reduces the intensity. This is useful for subtle, realistic effects.

添加灰色产生色调，降低鲜艳度。这对于微妙、逼真的效果很有用。

There is also the formula for creating a harmonious palette: choose one dominant colour and add smaller amounts of its neighbours or complementary tones.

还有一个创造和谐调色板的公式：选择一个主色，并添加少量其邻近色或互补色调。

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5. Perspective Drawing Basics | 透视绘画基础

Perspective is a mathematical-like technique for creating the illusion of depth on a flat surface. There are two main types: one-point and two-point perspective.

透视是一种类似数学的技巧，用于在平面上创造深度错觉。主要有两种类型：一点透视和两点透视。

One-Point Perspective Theorem: All receding parallel lines converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon line.

In one-point perspective, objects face the viewer directly, and depth lines go to one vanishing point. Vertical and horizontal lines remain unchanged.

在一点透视中，物体直面观众，深度线汇聚于一个消失点。垂直线和水平线保持不变。

Two-Point Perspective Theorem: Each set of parallel receding lines converges at its own vanishing point on the horizon, creating a corner view.

Two-point perspective uses two vanishing points, usually for drawing buildings from a corner angle. Vertical lines still remain vertical.

两点透视使用两个消失点，通常用于从转角角度绘制建筑物。垂直线仍然保持垂直。

A helpful sub-theorem: All objects above the horizon line show their underside; objects below show their top. This rule keeps your drawings consistent.

一个有用的子定理：所有在地平线以上的物体显示其底面，以下的物体显示其顶面。这条规则使你的绘画保持统一。Published by TutorHao | Year 7 艺术 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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