📚 Year 7 Cambridge Chemistry: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | 剑桥 Year 7 化学关键术语速记指南
Mastering the essential vocabulary of chemistry is the first step to understanding the subject at Key Stage 3. This revision guide is designed to help Year 7 Cambridge learners quickly memorise and apply key chemistry terms through clear definitions and memorable tips. Let’s dive into the world of atoms, reactions and solutions!
掌握化学基本词汇是理解 Key Stage 3 化学的第一步。本复习指南旨在通过清晰的定义和巧妙的记忆技巧，帮助剑桥 Year 7 学生快速记住并应用关键的化学术语。让我们一同探索原子、反应和溶液的世界吧！
1. Matter and States of Matter | 物质与状态
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). Everything around us, from air to water to rocks, is matter.
物质：任何有质量并占据空间（体积）的物体。我们周围的一切，包括空气、水和石头，都是物质。
Memory Tip: If it has mass and volume, it ‘matters’ – so we call it matter!
记忆技巧：如果它有质量和体积，它就 “matters”（重要）——因此称之为 matter（物质）！
Solid: A state of matter with a fixed shape and fixed volume. Particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and vibrate in place.
固体：具有固定形状和固定体积的物质状态。粒子紧密排列成规则结构，只能在原位振动。
Liquid: A state of matter with a fixed volume but no fixed shape; it takes the shape of its container. Particles are close together but can move past each other.
液体：体积固定但形状不固定的物质状态；它会呈现容器的形状。粒子紧密但可以相互滑动。
Gas: A state of matter with no fixed shape and no fixed volume; it fills the entire container. Particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.
气体：没有固定形状和固定体积的物质状态；会充满整个容器。粒子相距很远，朝各个方向快速运动。
Melting is the change of state from solid to liquid. It occurs when a solid is heated to its melting point.
熔化：从固态变为液态的过程。当固体加热到熔点时发生。
Freezing is the change of state from liquid to solid. This happens at the freezing point (same temperature as melting point).
凝固：从液态变为固态的过程。发生在凝固点（与熔点相同温度）。
Boiling occurs when a liquid turns into a gas throughout the whole liquid at the boiling point.
沸腾：在沸点时，整个液体内部都转变为气体的过程。
Condensation is the change of state from gas to liquid, typically caused by cooling.
冷凝：由气体变为液体的过程，通常由冷却引起。
2. Atoms, Elements and Molecules | 原子、元素与分子
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It contains a central nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons.
原子：元素中能参与化学反应的最小粒子。它包含一个中心原子核（质子和中子）以及核外电子。
Memory Tip: Think of ‘atom’ coming from the Greek ‘atomos’, meaning indivisible – you cannot cut it any further in ordinary chemical processes!
记忆技巧：想象 “atom” 源自希腊语 “atomos”，意为不可分割——在普通化学过程中你无法再切分它！
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Examples: oxygen (O), carbon (C), iron (Fe).
元素：只由一种原子构成的纯净物，不能通过化学方法分解成更简单的物质。例如：氧（O）、碳（C）、铁（Fe）。
Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically bonded together. The atoms can be from the same element (e.g. O₂) or from different elements (e.g. H₂O).
分子：两个或更多原子通过化学键结合而成的粒子。原子可以来自同种元素（如 O₂），也可以来自不同元素（如 H₂O）。
Chemical Symbol: A one- or two-letter abbreviation for an element. The first letter is always uppercase, the second lowercase. Example: Na for sodium.
化学符号：表示元素的一个或两个字母缩写。首字母大写，第二个字母小写。例如：Na 代表钠。
Periodic Table: A chart that organizes all known elements in order of increasing atomic number, arranged in rows (periods) and columns (groups) with similar properties.
周期表：将所有已知元素按照原子序数递增的顺序排列的图表，分为行（周期）和列（族），同一族元素性质相似。
3. Compounds and Mixtures | 化合物与混合物
Compound: A pure substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together. It has a fixed ratio of atoms and different properties from its elements. Example: water (H₂O) from hydrogen and oxygen.
化合物：由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合而成的纯净物。它有固定的原子个数比，其性质与组成它的元素不同。例如：水（H₂O）由氢和氧组成。
Chemical Formula: A combination of symbols and numbers that shows the types and numbers of atoms in a compound. Example: CO₂ has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
化学式：用符号和数字表示化合物中各原子的种类和数量的式子。例如：CO₂ 表示含有一个碳原子和两个氧原子。
Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded. Each substance keeps its own properties, and they can be separated by physical means. Air is a mixture of gases.
混合物：由两种或多种物质混合而成，它们之间没有化学键合。每一种物质保持自身性质，可通过物理方法分离。空气就是一种气体混合物。
Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout; you cannot see the different parts. Example: salt water.
均相混合物：成分均匀分布的混合物；肉眼无法区分不同部分。例如：盐水。
Heterogeneous Mixture: A mixture where the different components can be seen as separate phases or layers. Example: sand in water.
非均相混合物：可以看见不同组分以独立相或层存在的混合物。例如：水中的沙子。
4. Solutions and Solubility | 溶液与溶解度
Solution: A homogeneous mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent. It is usually transparent and cannot be separated by filtration.
溶液：一种均相混合物，由溶质溶解在溶剂中形成。通常透明，无法通过过滤分离。
Solvent: The substance that dissolves the solute; it is usually the component present in the larger amount. Water is the most common solvent.
溶剂：能溶解溶质的物质；通常是含量较多的组分。水是最常见的溶剂。
Solute: The substance that dissolves in the solvent. In a sugar solution, sugar is the solute.
溶质：溶解在溶剂中的物质。在糖水中，糖是溶质。
Soluble: A substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent. Example: salt is soluble in water.
可溶的：能在特定溶剂中溶解的物质。例如：盐可溶于水。
Insoluble: A substance that does not dissolve in a particular solvent. Example: sand is insoluble in water.
不溶的：在特定溶剂中不能溶解的物质。例如：沙不溶于水。
Saturated Solution: A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature. Any more solute will not dissolve.
饱和溶液：在特定温度下溶解了最大量溶质的溶液。再多加溶质也不会溶解。
5. Separation Methods | 分离方法
Filtration: Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. The mixture passes through filter paper; the solid stays as residue and the liquid passes through as filtrate.
过滤：用于从液体中分离出不溶性固体。混合物通过滤纸；固体留在滤纸上成为残渣，液体透过滤纸成为滤液。
Evaporation: Used to obtain a soluble solid from a solution by heating the solution until the solvent evaporates, leaving the solid behind.
蒸发：通过加热溶液使溶剂蒸发，从而从溶液中获得可溶性固体的方法，留下固体。
Distillation: Separates a solvent from a solution by boiling and condensing the vapour. The pure liquid collected is called the distillate. Simple distillation works when boiling points differ greatly.
蒸馏：通过沸腾和冷凝蒸气来分离溶剂的方法。收集到的纯液体称为馏出物。当沸点相差很大时，可采用简单蒸馏。
Chromatography: A technique that separates dissolved substances by their movement over paper or other medium. Different substances travel at different speeds, producing a pattern called a chromatogram.
色谱法：根据溶解物质在纸张或其他介质上移动速度的不同将其分离的技术。不同物质移动速度各异，形成色谱图。
Magnetism: Used to separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones. Example: iron filings can be removed from sand using a magnet.
磁选：利用磁性将磁性物质与非磁性物质分离。例如：用磁铁可将铁屑从沙子中分离出来。
6. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
Physical Change: A change where no new substance is formed. The process is often easily reversible. Examples: melting ice, tearing paper, dissolving sugar in water.
物理变化：没有生成新物质的变化。过程通常容易逆转。例如：冰融化、撕纸、糖溶于水。
Chemical Change: A change that produces one or more new substances with different properties. It is usually difficult to reverse. Signs include colour change, gas production, temperature change, or formation of a precipitate.
化学变化：生成一种或多种具有不同性质的新物质的变化。通常难以逆转。伴随现象有颜色变化、气体生成、温度变化或沉淀形成。
Reactant: A starting substance that takes part in a chemical reaction. In a word equation, reactants are written on the left.
反应物：参与化学反应的起始物质。在文字表达式中，反应物写在左侧。
Product: A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction. Products are written on the right of a word equation.
生成物：在化学反应中形成的物质。在文字表达式中写在右侧。
Reversible Change: A change that can be undone to recover the original materials. Most physical changes are reversible, whereas many chemical changes are irreversible.
可逆变化：能够逆向恢复原来物质的变化。大多数物理变化是可逆的，而许多化学变化是不可逆的。
7. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应
Chemical Reaction: A process in which atoms are rearranged to form new substances. Bonds are broken in reactants and new bonds form in products.
化学反应：原子重新排列形成新物质的过程。反应物中的化学键断裂，生成物中形成新的化学键。
Word Equation: A simple way to represent a chemical reaction using the names of reactants and products. Example:
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide
文字表达式：用反应物和生成物的名称表示化学反应的一种简单方式。例如：
镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁
Combustion: A chemical reaction in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen, releasing heat and light. It is often called burning. Example: methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
燃烧：一种物质与氧气快速反应，释放出热量和光的化学反应。常称作燃烧。例如：甲烷 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。
Oxidation: A broader term that includes any reaction involving the gain of oxygen by a substance. Rusting is the oxidation of iron.
氧化：一个更广泛的术语，包含物质得到氧的任何反应。铁锈是铁的氧化。
Decomposition: A reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Thermal decomposition uses heat. Example: calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide.
分解：一种化合物分解成两种或更多种更简单物质的反应。热分解需要加热。例如：碳酸钙 → 氧化钙 + 二氧化碳。
8. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. Acids have a sour taste (never taste in the lab!) and turn blue litmus paper red. Example: hydrochloric acid (HCl).
酸：溶于水时会释放出氢离子（H⁺）的物质。酸有酸味（实验室中绝不可品尝！），并能使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。例如：盐酸（HCl）。
Alkali: A soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Alkalis feel slippery, turn red litmus paper blue, and are often used in cleaning products. Example: sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
碱：可溶于水并能释放出氢氧根离子（OH⁻）的物质。碱有滑腻感，能使红色石蕊试纸变蓝，常用于清洁产品中。例如：氢氧化钠（NaOH）。
Base: Any substance that can neutralise an acid to form a salt and water. All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are soluble in water.
碱（base）：任何能中和酸生成盐和水的物质。所有的 alkali 都是 base，但并非所有 base 都能溶于水。
Indicator: A dye that changes colour depending on whether a solution is acidic or alkaline. Litmus paper and universal indicator are common examples.
指示剂：根据溶液是酸性还是碱性而发生颜色变化的染料。石蕊试纸和通用指示剂是常见的示例。
pH Scale: A numerical scale from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is. pH 7 is neutral (pure water). Values less than 7 are acidic; values greater than 7 are alkaline.
pH 标度：从 0 到 14 的数字标度，用来衡量溶液的酸碱度。pH 7 为中性（纯水）。小于 7 为酸性；大于 7 为碱性。
Neutralisation: A reaction between an acid and an alkali
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