📚 Year 7 Cambridge Physics: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 剑桥七年级物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key vocabulary is the first step to excelling in Year 7 Cambridge Physics. This guide breaks down essential terms by topic, pairing clear definitions with memory aids to help you learn faster and retain longer.
掌握关键词汇是学好七年级剑桥物理的第一步。本指南按主题分解核心术语，将清晰的定义与记忆技巧相结合，帮助你学得更快、记得更久。
1. States of Matter and Particle Theory | 物质状态与粒子理论
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is made of tiny particles that are constantly moving.
物质 是任何有质量并占据空间的东西。它由不断运动的微小粒子构成。
Solid: Particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and vibrate on the spot. Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.
固体: 粒子紧密排列成规则图案，只在原位振动。固体有确定的形状和确定的体积。
Liquid: Particles are close together but can slide past each other. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container.
液体: 粒子紧密但可以相互滑动。液体有确定的体积，但会呈现容器的形状。
Gas: Particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions. Gases have no fixed shape and no fixed volume; they spread out to fill their container.
气体: 粒子相距很远，快速向各个方向运动。气体没有固定的形状和体积，会扩散并充满整个容器。
Memory tip: Visualise solids like soldiers standing at attention, liquids like dancers in a flowing crowd, and gases like energetic bees buzzing everywhere. The more energy particles have, the more freely they move.
记忆技巧: 把固体想象成立正的士兵，液体像流动人群中穿行的舞者，气体像各处嗡嗡叫的活力蜜蜂。粒子能量越大，运动越自由。
2. Changes of State | 物态变化
Melting: The change from solid to liquid when heated. The temperature at which this happens is the melting point.
熔化: 固体受热变为液体的过程。发生这个变化的温度称为熔点。
Freezing: The change from liquid to solid when cooled. This occurs at the same temperature as the melting point for a pure substance.
凝固: 液体冷却变为固体的过程。对于纯物质，凝固与熔化发生在同一温度。
Boiling: The rapid change from liquid to gas throughout the liquid at the boiling point. Bubbles form inside the liquid.
沸腾: 液体在沸点时整体迅速变为气体的现象。液体内部会形成气泡。
Evaporation: The slow change from liquid to gas that happens only at the surface, even below the boiling point. Wind, heat, and large surface area speed it up.
蒸发: 仅在液体表面发生的缓慢气化过程，温度低于沸点时也能进行。风、高温和大表面积会加快蒸发。
Condensation: The change from gas to liquid when cooled. This is the reverse of evaporation and forms droplets on cold surfaces.
冷凝: 气体冷却变为液体的过程。这是蒸发的逆过程，会在冷的表面形成小液滴。
Sublimation: A direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state, such as dry ice turning into carbon dioxide gas.
升华: 固体不经过液态直接变为气体的过程，比如干冰变成二氧化碳气体。
Memory tip: Think of the series ‘Solid to Liquid to Gas’ as ‘SLG’, and reverse ‘Gas to Liquid to Solid’ as ‘GLS’. Evaporation is like a shy escape from the surface; boiling is a bold burst with bubbles.
记忆技巧: 将“固→液→气”记为“SLG”，逆过程“气→液→固”记为“GLS”。蒸发像悄悄从表面溜走，沸腾则像带有气泡的大胆爆发。
3. Mass, Volume and Density | 质量、体积与密度
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g). Mass does not change with location.
质量: 物体所含物质的多少，以千克(kg)或克(g)为单位。质量不随位置而改变。
Weight: The force of gravity pulling on a mass. It is a force, measured in newtons (N). Weight = mass x gravitational field strength (N/kg). On Earth, gravity is about 10 N/kg.
重量: 重力作用在物体质量上的拉力。它是一种力，以牛顿(N)为单位。重量 = 质量 x 引力场强度（N/kg）。地球表面的引力场强度约为10 N/kg。
Volume: The amount of space an object occupies. It can be measured in cm³ or m³. For irregular solids, use the water displacement method.
体积: 物体占据的空间大小，可用立方厘米(cm³)或立方米(m³)度量。对于不规则固体，可用排水法测量体积。
Density: How tightly packed the particles in a material are. Density = mass / volume. Usually given in g/cm³ or kg/m³.
密度: 材料中粒子排列的紧密程度。密度 = 质量 / 体积。常用单位是 g/cm³ 或 kg/m³。
Memory tip: Mass is ‘how much stuff’; weight is ‘how heavy that stuff feels under gravity’. Density is about ‘crowdedness’ — imagine a packed bus (high density) versus an empty bus (low density).
记忆技巧: 质量是“有多少料”，重量是“这堆料在重力下有多重”。密度好比“拥挤程度”——想象一辆挤满人的公交车(高密度)，对比一辆空车(低密度)。
4. Forces and Their Effects | 力及其作用效果
Force: A push or a pull that can change an object’s speed, direction, or shape. Measured in newtons (N). Forces often act in pairs.
力: 能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉，以牛顿(N)为单位。力通常成对出现。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (grip) or unwanted (wear).
摩擦力: 阻碍接触面间相对运动的力。它可能有用（如防滑），也可能有害（导致磨损）。
Air resistance / Drag: A type of friction caused by air or water pushing against a moving object. It increases with speed and surface area.
空气阻力(拖曳力): 空气或水对运动物体产生的一种摩擦力，随速度和迎风面积增大而增大。
Gravity: A force of attraction between all masses. On Earth, gravity gives things weight and pulls them downwards.
重力: 所有有质量的物体之间的吸引力。在地球上，重力赋予物体重量并将它们向下拉。
Upthrust: An upward force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a floating or submerged object. It opposes weight.
浮力(上推力): 流体(液体或气体)对漂浮或浸没在其中的物体施加的向上力，方向与重力相反。
Balanced forces: Two equal and opposite forces acting on an object, resulting in no change in motion (constant speed or stationary).
平衡力: 作用在同一物体上的大小相等、方向相反的两个力，不会改变运动状态（静止或匀速直线运动）。
Unbalanced forces: When forces are not equal, causing the object to accelerate, decelerate, or change direction.
非平衡力: 当作用力不相等时，会使物体加速、减速或改变方向。
Memory tip: Friction is a ‘force that fights’. For balanced forces think of a tug-of-war with no winner — the rope stays still. For unbalanced, one side wins and the rope moves.
记忆技巧: 摩擦力是“抗争的力”。平衡力像拔河双方势均力敌，绳子不动。非平衡力则有一方胜出，绳子移动。
5. Motion and Speed | 运动与速度
Speed: A measure of how fast something is moving. Speed = distance travelled / time taken. Common units are m/s or km/h.
速度: 衡量物体运动快慢的物理量。速度 = 走过的距离 / 所用时间。常见单位有米/秒(m/s)或千米/时(km/h)。
Average speed: The total distance divided by the total time. It does not show variations in speed during the journey.
平均速度: 总距离除以总时间。它不反映行程中的速度变化。
Distance: How far an object has moved from its starting point along a path. Usually measured in metres (m) or kilometres (km).
距离: 物体从起点沿路径移动的全程长度，常用米(m)或千米(km)度量。
Time: The duration measured in seconds (s), minutes (min), or hours (h) during which motion happens.
时间: 运动持续的时长，常用秒(s)、分(min)或小时(h)计量。
Memory tip: Use the formula triangle for ‘S = D / T’ (Speed = Distance over Time). Imagine a car’s dash showing speed; it says how many metres you cover each second.
记忆技巧: 使用公式三角形记忆“速度=距离/时间”。想象汽车仪表盘显示的速度，它告诉你每秒行驶多少米。
6. Energy Forms and Transfers | 能量形式与转移
Energy: The ability to do work or cause a change. It is measured in joules (J). Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored.
能量: 物体做功或引起变化的能力，以焦耳(J)为单位。能量既不能创造也不能毁灭，只能转移或储存。
Kinetic energy: The energy an object has due to its motion. Faster and heavier objects have more kinetic energy.
动能: 物体因运动而具有的能量。速度越快、质量越大的物体动能越大。
Potential energy: Stored energy that could be released. Examples include gravitational potential energy (due to height) and elastic potential energy (in stretched springs).
势能: 因位置或状态而储存的待释放能量，如重力势能(因高度)和弹性势能(拉伸的弹簧)。
Thermal (heat) energy: Energy due to the temperature of an object, linked to the movement of particles. Hot objects have more thermal energy.
热能: 由物体温度决定的能量，与粒子的运动相关。热的东西有更多的热能。
Light energy: Energy that travels in straight lines as waves and allows us to see. It can be transferred by radiation.
光能: 以波的形式沿直线传播的能量，使我们能看见物体，可通过辐射传递。
Sound energy: Energy carried by vibrating particles in a medium such as air. It cannot travel through a vacuum.
声能: 由空气等介质中的粒子振动传递的能量，无法在真空中传播。
Electrical energy: Energy carried by the flow of electric charges around a circuit. It can easily be changed into other forms.
电能: 电荷在电路中流动所携带的能量，可以方便地转化为其他形式的能。
Memory tip: Use the acronym ‘KPT LES’ to recall Kinetic, Potential, Thermal, Light, Electrical, Sound. Energy transfers can be remembered as ‘energy can change costume, but it never disappears’.
记忆技巧: 用缩写“KPT LES”来记动能、势能、热能、光能、电能、声能。能量转移好比“能量能换装，但永不消失”。
7. Light and Optics | 光与光学
Light: A form of energy that travels in straight lines called rays. It is the fastest thing in the universe, speeding around 300,000 km/s in a vacuum.
光: 一种沿直线传播的能量形式，传播路径称为光线。它是宇宙中最快的东西，在真空中速度约为300,000 km/s。
Reflection: The bouncing back of light when it hits a smooth surface like a mirror. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (i = r).
反射: 光遇到镜面等光滑表面时的反弹现象。反射定律指出，入射角等于反射角(i = r)。
Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one transparent material to another, because its speed changes. A straw in water appears bent due to refraction.
折射: 光从一种透明介质进入另一种时因速度改变而发生的弯曲现象。水中吸管看起来弯折就是折射造成的。
Transparent: Materials that allow light to pass through clearly, so you can see objects behind them (e.g., clear glass).
透明: 允许光清晰通过的材料，你可以看到后面的物体（如清澈的玻璃）。
Translucent: Materials that let some light pass through but scatter it, so you cannot see clearly through them (e.g., frosted glass).
半透明: 允许部分光通过但会散射光，因此你不能清晰看透的材料（如毛玻璃）。
Opaque: Materials that do not allow light to pass through. They block the light and form shadows (e.g., wood, metal).
不透明: 不允许光通过的材料，会遮挡光并形成影子（如木头、金属）。
Spectrum: The band of seven colours (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) produced when white light passes through a prism. Remember ‘ROYGBIV’.
光谱: 白光透过棱镜后产生的七色彩带（红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫），可用“ROYGBIV”来记忆顺序。
Memory tip: Reflection is like a ball bouncing off a wall at the same angle. For refraction, think of a car moving from road to mud — it changes direction. ‘ROYGBIV’ sounds like a name: Roy G. Biv.
记忆技巧: 反射如同球以相同角度弹离墙壁。折射好比车从公路开进泥地，方向会偏转。“ROYGBIV”读起来像一个名字：Roy G. Biv。
8. Sound | 声音
Sound: A form of energy produced by vibrating objects. It travels as a wave and needs a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to move — it cannot travel in a vacuum.
声音: 振动体产生的一种能量形式，以波的形式传播，需要介质(固、液、气)才能移动，无法在真空中传播。
Vibration: A rapid back-and-forth movement of particles that creates sound. In a speaker, a cone vibrates to push air molecules.
振动: 粒子快速的往复运动，由此产生声音。扬声器的纸盆振动会推动空气分子。
Frequency: The number of vibrations per second, measured in hertz (Hz). It determines the pitch of a sound — high frequency means high pitch.
频率: 每秒振动的次数，单位是赫兹(Hz)。它决定声音的音调——高频对应高音调。
Amplitude: The size of the vibrations. A larger amplitude gives a louder sound. Loudness is usually measured in decibels (dB).
振幅: 振动的大小。振幅越大，声音越响。响度通常以分贝(dB)为单位。
Echo: A reflected sound wave that reaches the ear after bouncing off a hard surface. It is used by bats and ships (sonar).
回声: 经坚硬表面反射后传入人耳的声音，蝙蝠和船只（声纳）会利用回声定位。
Memory tip: Think of a guitar string: a short, tight string vibrates fast (high pitch), whereas large slow vibrations make a deep, loud sound. ‘No medium, no sound’ — space is silent.
记忆技巧: 想象吉他琴弦：短而紧的弦振动快（音调高），大而慢的振动则产生低沉响亮的音。记住“无介质便无声”——太空中一片寂静。
9. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Current: The flow of electric charge around a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A) and is like the flow of water through a pipe.
电流: 电荷在电路中的流动，单位是安培(A)，类似于水管中水的流动。
Voltage: The push or pressure that drives current around a circuit. Measured in volts (V). A higher voltage gives a bigger push.
电压: 推动电流在电路中流动的“推力”或“压力”，以伏特(V)为单位。电压越高，推力越大。
Resistance: How much a component resists the flow of current. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Thin wires have more resistance than thick ones.
电阻: 组件对电流的阻碍大小，以欧姆(Ω)为单位。细导线比粗导线电阻大。
Circuit: A complete loop of conductive material that allows current to flow. Must include a power source (cell or battery), wires, and a load (such as a bulb).
电路: 允许电流通过的完整导电回路，必须包含电源（电池）、导线和用电器（如灯泡）。
Series circuit: A single-path circuit. All components share the same current. If one bulb fails, all go out.
串联电路: 只有一条路径的电路，所有元件共享相同的电流。若一盏灯熄灭，所有灯都熄灭。
Parallel circuit: A circuit with multiple branches. The voltage across each branch is the same, and if one branch breaks, others still work.
并联电路: 有多条支路的电路，各支路两端电压相同。断开一条支路，其他支路仍正常工作。
Conductor: A material that allows current to pass through easily (e.g., copper, aluminium). Free electrons carry the charge.
导体: 允许电流轻松通过的材料（如铜、铝），自由电子是电荷的载体。
Insulator: A material that does not let current flow easily (e.g., plastic, rubber). It is used to coat wires for safety.
绝缘体: 阻止电流轻易通过的材料（如塑料、橡胶），用来包裹电线以保证安全。
Memory tip: Imagine current as water, voltage as pump pressure, and resistance as a narrow section in the pipe. For circuits, ‘series = same current,
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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