📚 Year 7 Cambridge Physics: Summer Preparation & Bridging Course | 剑桥Year 7物理暑期预习与衔接课程
Embarking on Year 7 Cambridge Science means stepping into the fascinating world of Physics, where you begin to explore forces, energy, light, sound and electricity. This summer bridging course is designed to help you transition smoothly from primary science to the more structured Lower Secondary Physics curriculum. It introduces key concepts, practical skills and scientific vocabulary in a friendly and accessible way, giving you a confident head start.
进入Year 7剑桥科学课程，意味着迈入奇妙的物理世界，开始探索力、能量、光、声和电。这份暑期衔接指南旨在帮助你从小学科学平稳过渡到更有体系的初中物理课程。它用友好易懂的方式介绍核心概念、实践技能和科学术语，让你自信地领先一步。
1. The Scientific Method: Observing and Experimenting | 科学方法：观察与实验
In Year 7 Physics, you will learn to think like a scientist. The scientific method begins with curiosity – asking questions about the world around you. You will form a hypothesis, design fair tests, collect data and draw conclusions. Accuracy and repeatability are important. Always keep a lab notebook to record observations and never forget to wear safety goggles when experimenting.
在Year 7物理中，你将学会像科学家一样思考。科学方法始于好奇心——对周围的世界提出问题。你将形成假设、设计公平测试、收集数据并得出结论。准确性和可重复性非常重要。坚持用实验笔记本记录观察，实验时务必佩戴护目镜。
2. Understanding Forces: Pushes, Pulls and Gravity | 初步认识力：推、拉和重力
A force is a push or a pull that can change the motion of an object. Gravity is the force that pulls objects towards the Earth. It gives weight to objects and keeps us grounded. Friction is a force that opposes motion, and without it, we would slip and slide. Forces are measured in newtons (N) using a spring balance.
力是能改变物体运动的推或拉。重力是将物体拉向地球的力，它赋予物体重量并让我们站稳地面。摩擦力是阻碍运动的力，没有它我们会滑倒。力用弹簧秤测量，单位是牛顿（N）。
3. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces: Motion and Equilibrium | 平衡力与不平衡力：运动与平衡
When forces on an object are balanced, it stays still or moves at a constant speed. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration. For example, a skydiver experiences air resistance opposing gravity. Understanding this helps explain why a book remains on a table until you push it, and why a car needs an engine force to overcome friction.
当物体受到的力平衡时，它会保持静止或匀速运动。不平衡的力则引起加速或减速。例如，跳伞者受到的空气阻力会对抗重力。理解这一点可以解释为什么桌上的书直到你推它才会动，以及为什么汽车需要发动机的力来克服摩擦。
4. Introduction to Energy: Forms and Transfers | 能量入门：形式与转移
Energy is the ability to do work. It comes in many forms: kinetic (movement), potential (stored), thermal, light, sound and electrical. Energy can be transferred from one form to another, but it is never created or destroyed – this is the law of conservation of energy. For instance, a battery transfers chemical energy into electrical energy to light a bulb, and a stretched rubber band stores elastic potential energy.
能量是做功的能力。它有多种形式：动能（运动）、势能（储存）、热能、光能、声能和电能。能量可以从一种形式转换为另一种，但永远不会凭空产生或消失——这就是能量守恒定律。例如，电池将化学能转换为电能来点亮灯泡，而拉伸的橡皮筋储存弹性势能。
5. Light and Seeing: Reflection, Refraction and Colour | 光与视觉：反射、折射与颜色
Light travels in straight lines. When it hits a smooth surface, it reflects, allowing us to see objects. Refraction occurs when light enters a different medium, like water, and bends. White light is made up of the colours of the rainbow, which can be separated using a prism. We see colours because objects reflect certain wavelengths and absorb others. A red apple reflects red light and absorbs the rest.
光沿直线传播。射到光滑表面时发生反射，使我们能看见物体。当光进入另一种介质（比如水）时会发生折射，光线弯曲。白光由彩虹色组成，可以用棱镜分离。我们看到颜色是因为物体反射特定波长的光而吸收其他波长。红苹果反射红光，吸收其余颜色。
6. Sound Waves: How We Hear | 声波：我们如何听到声音
Sound is produced by vibrations and travels as waves through a medium such as air, water or solids. The faster the vibration, the higher the pitch; the bigger the amplitude, the louder the sound. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum. Our ears detect sound waves and convert them into signals for the brain. Tightening a guitar string increases pitch because it vibrates more quickly.
声音由振动产生，以波的形式通过空气、水或固体等介质传播。振动越快，音调越高；振幅越大，声音越响。声音不能在真空中传播。我们的耳朵探测声波并将其转化为大脑感知的信号。拧紧吉他弦会使音调升高，因为它振动得更快。
7. Electricity: Circuits and Conductors | 电：电路与导体
Electricity flows in a closed circuit. A simple circuit needs a power source (like a battery), wires and a load (like a bulb). Conductors (e.g. copper) let electricity flow easily, while insulators (e.g. plastic) block it. We use symbols to draw circuit diagrams. Current is measured in amperes (A) and voltage in volts (V). A switch can open or close the circuit to control the flow.
电在闭合电路中流动。一个简单电路需要电源（如电池）、导线和负载（如灯泡）。导体（如铜）容易让电流通过，而绝缘体（如塑料）则阻碍电流。我们用符号绘制电路图。电流以安培（A）为单位，电压以伏特（V）为单位。开关可以断开或闭合电路来控制电流。
8. The Earth in Space: Days, Years and Seasons | 地球在太空：日、年与季节
The Earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night. It orbits the Sun in 365 days, giving us a year. The tilt of the Earth’s axis creates seasons as different hemispheres receive varying amounts of sunlight. The Moon reflects sunlight and orbits Earth, causing its phases. Solar and lunar eclipses happen when the Earth, Moon and Sun align in certain ways.
地球每24小时自转一周，形成昼夜。它绕太阳公转需365天，即为一年。地轴的倾斜导致不同半球接收的阳光不同，从而产生季节。月球反射太阳光并围绕地球运行，产生月相。当地球、月球和太阳以特定方式排列时，会发生日食和月食。
9. Building Practical Skills: Measurements and Safety | 培养实践技能：测量与安全
Practical work is a core part of Cambridge Physics. You will learn to use a ruler, stopwatch, thermometer, ammeter and spring balance. Always wear safety goggles and handle equipment carefully. Record measurements with the correct units and consider the range of results. Good scientists always repeat experiments to check reliability and share their findings clearly.
动手实验是剑桥物理的核心部分。你将学习使用直尺、秒表、温度计、电流表和弹簧秤。务必佩戴护目镜，小心操作仪器。用正确单位记录测量数据并考虑结果范围。优秀的科学家总会重复实验以检验可靠性，并清晰地分享发现。
10. Bridging the Gap: From Primary Science to Physics | 衔接过渡：从小学科学到物理
In primary school, you explored the natural world through general science. Year 7 Physics now asks you to be more precise – to quantify, graph and explain using scientific models. Do not worry if it feels new. Use your curiosity from primary, and add the tools of measurement and reasoning. This bridging course will help you build on what you already know and see the world through a physicist’s eyes.
在小学，你通过常识科学探索自然界。Year 7物理要求你更加精确——量化、绘图并用科学模型解释。如果觉得陌生也不必担心。利用好小学培养的好奇心，再加上测量和推理工具。这个衔接课程将帮助你在已有知识基础上更上一层楼，用物理学家的眼光看世界。
11. Learning Tips for Year 7 Physics | Year 7物理学习技巧
- Make a glossary of new terms like ‘friction’ and ‘refraction’. – 制作术语表，比如“摩擦力”、“折射”。
- Draw diagrams to visualise forces and circuits. – 画图来形象化力和电路。
- Watch simple experiments online and try safe ones at home. – 在线观看简单实验，在家里尝试安全的实验。
- Discuss concepts with friends or family to clarify understanding. – 与朋友或家人讨论概念，加深理解。
- Review your work weekly and ask questions in class. – 每周复习，课堂上大胆提问。
12. Key Vocabulary for a Head Start | 关键术语先行
| English Term | 中文术语与释义 |
|---|---|
| Force – a push or pull | 力 – 推或拉 |
| Gravity – force pulling objects towards Earth’s centre | 重力 – 将物体拉向地心的力 |
| Friction – force opposing motion | 摩擦力 – 阻碍运动的力 |
| Energy – ability to do work | 能量 – 做功的能力 |
| Kinetic energy – energy of movement | 动能 – 运动的能量 |
| Reflection – light bouncing off a surface | 反射 – 光从表面弹回 |
| Refraction – bending of light as it changes medium | 折射 – 光改变介质时发生的弯折 |
| Circuit – a complete loop for electricity to flow | 电路 – 电流流动的闭合回路 |
| Conductor – material that allows electricity to pass | 导体 – 允许电流通过的材料 |
| Insulator – material that blocks electricity | 绝缘体 – 阻碍电流的材料 |
| Pitch – how high or low a sound is | 音调 – 声音的高低 |
| Amplitude – height of a wave, related to loudness | 振幅 – 波的高度，与响度有关 |
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